Categories, latent topics and most frequent words
| Categories | Topic label/percentage | Most frequent words |
|---|---|---|
| Advances in proctoring technologies | Topic 1: Solutions for detecting cheats, 17.4% | examination, system, online, student cheat detection, face |
| Topic 2: Systems for students' authentication, 10.8% | system, student, authentication, development, data, cheat | |
| Stakeholders' concerns | Topic 3: Staff and students' perceptions during the pandemic, 17% | student, online, learning, remote study, teaching tool, COVID 19 pandemic, challenges |
| Topic 4: Students' performance in different proctoring environments, 19% | proctor, student, online, test, exam, result, performance, score, compare | |
| Implementation issues and challenges | Topic 5: Transitions to digital proctoring systems: uptakes and issues, 15.9% | assessment, online technology, issue, digital, education |
| Topic 6: Proctoring problems in online exams, 13.5% | exam, student, online, proctor, problem, solution | |
| Topic 7: Online teaching programmes and remote proctoring issues, 6.4% | test, programme, remote proctoring, candidate, results, issues |
| Categories | Topic label/percentage | Most frequent words |
|---|---|---|
| Advances in proctoring technologies | Topic 1: Solutions for detecting cheats, 17.4% | examination, system, online, student cheat detection, face |
| Topic 2: Systems for students' authentication, 10.8% | system, student, authentication, development, data, cheat | |
| Stakeholders' concerns | Topic 3: Staff and students' perceptions during the pandemic, 17% | student, online, learning, remote study, teaching tool, COVID 19 pandemic, challenges |
| Topic 4: Students' performance in different proctoring environments, 19% | proctor, student, online, test, exam, result, performance, score, compare | |
| Implementation issues and challenges | Topic 5: Transitions to digital proctoring systems: uptakes and issues, 15.9% | assessment, online technology, issue, digital, education |
| Topic 6: Proctoring problems in online exams, 13.5% | exam, student, online, proctor, problem, solution | |
| Topic 7: Online teaching programmes and remote proctoring issues, 6.4% | test, programme, remote proctoring, candidate, results, issues |
Source(s): Author's work
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