Table 1.

Measuring electoral performance

Electoral performanceVoting spreadAssigned value
Electoral asymmetryThe voting spread between the government and the rebel group [or ideologically similar parties] is more than 30% in favour of the government.
Case examples
Guatemala, 1996
Indonesia, 2005
Liberia, 2003
1
Tending towards asymmetryThe voting spread between the government and the rebel group is more than 20%.
Case examples
Niger, 1995
Rwanda, 1993
Sudan, 2005
2
Tending towards symmetryThe voting spread between the government and the rebel group is less than 20%.
Case examples
Nicaragua, 1988
Mozambique 1992
DR Congo, 2002
3
Electoral symmetryThe voting spread between the ruling party and the rebel group is less than 10%.
Case examples
Mozambique, 1999
United Kingdom, 1998
Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast), 2003
4
Source: Authors’ own work

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