Descriptive statistics
| Min/Max | Mean | S.D. | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Backward participation | 0/67.21 | 25.82 | 12.43 | |
| Forward participation | 0/17.54 | 7.57 | 4.94 | |
| Product innovation | ||||
| No | 0/1 | 65 | ||
| Incremental (new to the organization) | 0/1 | 19 | ||
| Radical (new to the market) | 0/1 | 16 | ||
| Process innovation | ||||
| No | 0/1 | 67 | ||
| Incremental (new to the organization) | 0/1 | 25 | ||
| Radical (new to the market) | 0/1 | 9 | ||
| KIWPs | 1/7 | 3.60 | 1.16 | |
| Robots | 18.0 | |||
| DA processes | 49.8 | |||
| DA monitoring | 31.8 | |||
| Size | ||||
| Small (10–49) | 0/1 | 62.4 | ||
| Medium (50–249) | 0/1 | 27.3 | ||
| Large (250+) | 0/1 | 10.3 | ||
| Min/Max | Mean | S.D. | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Backward participation | 0/67.21 | 25.82 | 12.43 | |
| Forward participation | 0/17.54 | 7.57 | 4.94 | |
| No | 0/1 | 65 | ||
| Incremental (new to the organization) | 0/1 | 19 | ||
| Radical (new to the market) | 0/1 | 16 | ||
| No | 0/1 | 67 | ||
| Incremental (new to the organization) | 0/1 | 25 | ||
| Radical (new to the market) | 0/1 | 9 | ||
| KIWPs | 1/7 | 3.60 | 1.16 | |
| Robots | 18.0 | |||
| DA processes | 49.8 | |||
| DA monitoring | 31.8 | |||
| Small (10–49) | 0/1 | 62.4 | ||
| Medium (50–249) | 0/1 | 27.3 | ||
| Large (250+) | 0/1 | 10.3 | ||
Source(s): European Company Survey (ECS), Table by authors
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