Table 1.

Key performance indicators (KPIs)

KPIsType of effectItemsDescriptionRelatedcontributions
Organizational performance (OP)Objective and subjectiveFour items – (formative construct)Formative construct, consisting of the four KPIs: time costs, outcome, satisfaction and trust increaseLim (1995); George et al. (2019); Parhizgari and Gilbert (2004) 
Time costs (TC)ObjectiveThe time spent on the service was overall …Compares the expected time spent with the actual time spent on the service (disconfirmed expectancy)Lovelock (2001); Tam (2004) 
Outcome (OC)ObjectiveThe final outcome of the service was overall …Compares the expected outcome with the actual outcome of the service (disconfirmed expectancy)Powpaka (1996); Grönroos (1982); Grönroos (1990) 
Satisfaction (SF)SubjectiveCarrying out my concern with the service provider was a satisfying experienceMeasures the satisfaction of the service recipient with the service provider regarding his/her concernLee et al. (2000) 
Trust increase (TI)SubjectiveThe service experience has increased my trust in the service providerMeasures the increase in trust of the service recipient in the service provider based on his/her service experienceNyhan and Marlowe (1995) 
Source: Authors’ own work

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