Table 2 Variables' description and... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Variables' description and measurements

Variables	Description	Sources
Performance	It is dependent variable that measures how efficiency the firm uses its assets LN $R O A = LN (\frac{\Pr o f i t B e f o r e T a x}{T o t a l A s s e t s})$	Simon et al. (2017)
Performance	It is dependent variable that measures how efficiency the firm uses shareholders' fund LN $R O E = LN (\frac{\Pr o f i t B e f o r e T a x}{T o t a l A s s e t s}$ ⁠)	Simon et al. (2017)
Capital structure (LNTDR_it)	It is independent variable defined as the natural logarithm of short-term debt ratio. Log of total debt ratio = LN(⁠ $\frac{T o t a l L i a b i l i t i e s}{T o t a l A s s e t s})$	Akoto et al. (2013)
Capital structure (LNLTDR_it)	It is independent variable defined as the natural logarithm of short-term debt ratio. Log of long-term debt ratio = $LN (\frac{L o n g t e r m l L i a b i l i t i e s}{T o t a l A s s e t s})$	Akoto et al. (2013)
Capital structure (LNSTDR_it)	It is independent variable defined as the natural logarithm of short-term debt ratio. Log of short-term debt ratio = $LN (\frac{S h o r t - t e r m L i a b i l i t i e s}{T o t a l A s s e t s})$	Akoto et al. (2013)
Assets' structure	It is independent variable defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio between tangible assets to total assets. LNTANGIBILITY = Natural Logarithm of (tangible assets divided by total assets)	Kayani et al. (2019)
SIZE	It is a controlling variable defined as the natural logarithm of total assets Natural Logarithm of (total assets)	Kayani et al. (2019)

Variables	Description	Sources
Performance	It is dependent variable that measures how efficiency the firm uses its assetsLN $R O A = LN (\frac{\Pr o f i t B e f o r e T a x}{T o t a l A s s e t s})$	Simon et al. (2017)
Performance	It is dependent variable that measures how efficiency the firm uses shareholders' fundLN $R O E = LN (\frac{\Pr o f i t B e f o r e T a x}{T o t a l A s s e t s}$ )	Simon et al. (2017)
Capital structure (LNTDR_it)	It is independent variable defined as the natural logarithm of short-term debt ratio. Log of total debt ratio = LN( $\frac{T o t a l L i a b i l i t i e s}{T o t a l A s s e t s})$	Akoto et al. (2013)
Capital structure (LNLTDR_it)	It is independent variable defined as the natural logarithm of short-term debt ratio. Log of long-term debt ratio = $LN (\frac{L o n g t e r m l L i a b i l i t i e s}{T o t a l A s s e t s})$	Akoto et al. (2013)
Capital structure (LNSTDR_it)	It is independent variable defined as the natural logarithm of short-term debt ratio. Log of short-term debt ratio = $LN (\frac{S h o r t - t e r m L i a b i l i t i e s}{T o t a l A s s e t s})$	Akoto et al. (2013)
Assets' structure	It is independent variable defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio between tangible assets to total assets. LNTANGIBILITY = Natural Logarithm of (tangible assets divided by total assets)	Kayani et al. (2019)
SIZE	It is a controlling variable defined as the natural logarithm of total assetsNatural Logarithm of (total assets)	Kayani et al. (2019)

Source(s): Authors own