Table 4 Adaptation skeptics Adaptation...

Table 4

Adaptation skeptics

Adaptation skeptics
Text passage	Category	Main category
They haven't yet made up their minds: Is global warming happening? Is it human-caused? Is it serious?	Uncertainty about global warming	Characteristics of AS
[…] markets should be unconstrained and so are motivated to deny risks that imply restriction of market freedoms	Economy first
They used the argument that the science is uncertain to avoid adapting strong measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (a scientific-scepticism frame)	Creating doubts
[…] misinformation that is intended to confuse the public and/or block science-based policy change	Stop science-based policy change
[…] drive the […] political conversation […] to develop and promulgate ideological viewpoints and policies that are favorable to political and/or industry interests	Support political and economic interests
[…] alarmed about the economic and political costs of enacting climate change policy	Alarmed about measure's costs
play a central role by providing key counter-claims to challenge climate science and obstructing climate policy	Obstruct climate policy
global warming policies would do more harm than good	Climate policy measures are harmful
Strong negative affect associated with the concrete, immediate costs and sacrifices and the absence of feelings of worry about possible abstract and distant consequences of global warming in the absence of such actions drive ecologically damaging consumption decisions and actions	Worries about costs and sacrifice rather than on global warming's consequences
these individuals pursue their own self-interest they exacerbate the environmental externality as a byproduct of private consumption	Economic (self-) interests more relevant than environmental protection
Those with significant interest in maintaining the fossil-fuel intensive status quo […] suggest that a wait-and-see stance in the most responsible course of action	Wait and see attitude
individuals' responses are highly influenced by previous responses from other group members […] judgment consensus emerges as a consequence of the desire to avoid negative evaluation by other group members	People rely on the judgment of the social group they belong to	Limitations of existing approaches
effective communication of probabilistic events may be more difficult to learn in larger groups due to decreased social facilitation in larger groups	Communication of risks works better in smaller groups
[…] challenges surrounding the communication of phenomena that can never be directly experienced because of the particular scale at which humans have evolved to perceive reality. […] Accurate values and explanations do little to provide an intuitive sense of something as large as climate change. […] When attempting to understand such ideas, audiences must take some relevant aspect of experience from human scale and mentally extrapolate it past possible experience to arrive a general perception of the phenomenon in question, a perception on which they will the base their decision making. Unfortunately, research suggests that the farther the perception is from human scale, the less accurate it is likely to be	Climate change beyond “human scale”
Higher levels of perceived risk increase protection motivation. Conversely, a low risk perception may lull people into a false sense of security and, as a result, cause them to overlook the risk as a threat that should be heeded	Risk perception leads behavior
Strong emotional appeals are more likely to invoke-self-protection and inaction rather than an active response	Strong emotions lead to self-protection
Risk-reduction actions are greater for risks that present a direct personal threat. […] direct experience and personal involvement induce individuals to think about their attitudes	Create personal link	Suggested communication strategies
Not speaking in code/jargon: rather than “anthropogenic,” you could say “human- caused.” Instead of “spatial” and “temporal,” try “space” and “time.”	No scientific jargon
In an era of eroding public confidence, however, top down forms of […] communication will not suffice	No top down communication
[…] a new or different model of communication […] is needed, one that emphasizes openness, transparency and dialogue	New modes of communication
People are especially likely to engage in bottom-up processing	Bottom up
the notion of empowerment, meaning the importance of providing information to the public so they can make informed decisions […] the importance of individual and collective empowerment through a horizontal process of information exchange	Empowerment
Reframe adaptation in ways that make it consistent with already familiar decision-making	Re-framing of adaptation

Adaptation skeptics
Text passage	Category	Main category
They haven't yet made up their minds: Is global warming happening? Is it human-caused? Is it serious?	Uncertainty about global warming	Characteristics of AS
[…] markets should be unconstrained and so are motivated to deny risks that imply restriction of market freedoms	Economy first
They used the argument that the science is uncertain to avoid adapting strong measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (a scientific-scepticism frame)	Creating doubts
[…] misinformation that is intended to confuse the public and/or block science-based policy change	Stop science-based policy change
[…] drive the […] political conversation […] to develop and promulgate ideological viewpoints and policies that are favorable to political and/or industry interests	Support political and economic interests
[…] alarmed about the economic and political costs of enacting climate change policy	Alarmed about measure's costs
play a central role by providing key counter-claims to challenge climate science and obstructing climate policy	Obstruct climate policy
global warming policies would do more harm than good	Climate policy measures are harmful
Strong negative affect associated with the concrete, immediate costs and sacrifices and the absence of feelings of worry about possible abstract and distant consequences of global warming in the absence of such actions drive ecologically damaging consumption decisions and actions	Worries about costs and sacrifice rather than on global warming's consequences
these individuals pursue their own self-interest they exacerbate the environmental externality as a byproduct of private consumption	Economic (self-) interests more relevant than environmental protection
Those with significant interest in maintaining the fossil-fuel intensive status quo […] suggest that a wait-and-see stance in the most responsible course of action	Wait and see attitude
individuals' responses are highly influenced by previous responses from other group members […] judgment consensus emerges as a consequence of the desire to avoid negative evaluation by other group members	People rely on the judgment of the social group they belong to	Limitations of existing approaches
effective communication of probabilistic events may be more difficult to learn in larger groups due to decreased social facilitation in larger groups	Communication of risks works better in smaller groups
[…] challenges surrounding the communication of phenomena that can never be directly experienced because of the particular scale at which humans have evolved to perceive reality. […] Accurate values and explanations do little to provide an intuitive sense of something as large as climate change. […] When attempting to understand such ideas, audiences must take some relevant aspect of experience from human scale and mentally extrapolate it past possible experience to arrive a general perception of the phenomenon in question, a perception on which they will the base their decision making. Unfortunately, research suggests that the farther the perception is from human scale, the less accurate it is likely to be	Climate change beyond “human scale”
Higher levels of perceived risk increase protection motivation. Conversely, a low risk perception may lull people into a false sense of security and, as a result, cause them to overlook the risk as a threat that should be heeded	Risk perception leads behavior
Strong emotional appeals are more likely to invoke-self-protection and inaction rather than an active response	Strong emotions lead to self-protection
Risk-reduction actions are greater for risks that present a direct personal threat. […] direct experience and personal involvement induce individuals to think about their attitudes	Create personal link	Suggested communication strategies
Not speaking in code/jargon: rather than “anthropogenic,” you could say “human- caused.” Instead of “spatial” and “temporal,” try “space” and “time.”	No scientific jargon
In an era of eroding public confidence, however, top down forms of […] communication will not suffice	No top down communication
[…] a new or different model of communication […] is needed, one that emphasizes openness, transparency and dialogue	New modes of communication
People are especially likely to engage in bottom-up processing	Bottom up
the notion of empowerment, meaning the importance of providing information to the public so they can make informed decisions […] the importance of individual and collective empowerment through a horizontal process of information exchange	Empowerment
Reframe adaptation in ways that make it consistent with already familiar decision-making	Re-framing of adaptation

Source(s): Authors’ own creation

[ViewLarge]

Sharing Unavailable