Table 5

Whitewashers

Whitewashers
Text passageCategoryMain category
the range of groups and people who have adopted sustainability as this sunny, positive “common future” frame has become incredibly wideAdoption of the sunshine perspectiveCharacteristics of WW
[…] the tendency to communicate only the so-called “sunshine perspective” of sustainability in the public sphere—i.e. to tell a story that focuses only on the positive aspects and impacts of sustainability, such as the creation of new green jobs, the (economic) benefits of renewable energies and the technological and economic progress coming with the turn towards sustainable developmentFocus on sunshine perspective
“rainy side” […] This perspective seems to be rather unappealing mainly on an individual level because it cuts down the narrative of individuality and personal freedomNegative side of sustainability is unappealing
[…] stave off neoliberal delusions of “green recovery” currently bandied about by global North politiciansPropagators of “green recovery”
[…] emphasizing the positive aspect of crisis situations; that is, considering such occurrences […] as an opportunity for positive changesIgnoring the negative side
The rhetoric of renewal emphasizes on the future and recovery. […] communicating positive emotions such as relief, when the damage in some way remained containedFocus on positive emotionsLimitations of existing approaches
Increased use of “crisis” to characterize climate change and/or increasing instances of climate change being mentioned in proximity to related crises […]Climate change as “crisis”
Stakeholders have no reason to be inspired by model behavior if they cannot see a positive outcomeFocus on positive outcome to engage stakeholder
Highlighting the positive: […] messages are far more effective when you describe what you can do instead of what you can't doHighlight the positive
[…] a return to “normal life” under financial capitalism and climate destabilization is not desirable nor represents just or viable futureReturn to “normal” is not possible
Among scientific papers, titles with positive, more interesting framing receive higher Altmetric scoresPositive bias in research
[…] climate anxiety was neither positively nor negatively correlated with behavior […] this reflects a state of tension between the motivating and paralyzing effectsMissing link to behavioral change
breaking the bad news softlySoften bad news
[…] communication strategies advised are determined by individual response and not decided unilaterally [by the communicator]Individual response determines communication strategy
What listeners hear depends not on what speakers say, but on listeners' subjective and social context on what has been saidResponse is individual
There is no empirical research on which type of communication (e.g. emotional or rational […]) is best suited for […] sustainabilityLack of empirical research
Emotional responses tend to be restricted to situations when expertise is lowLimitation of emotional communication
[…] explicit messages state their conclusion, making it less likely for the message to be misunderstood. The advantage of explicit messages is that audiences who are unfamiliar with sustainability can also understand the messageUse explicit messageSuggested communication strategies
a denotative meaning expresses a definition of a word that is determined and agreed by a community and has limited room for misinterpretationUse denotative messages to avoid misinterpretation
the delivery of substantive messages (i.e. reasoned messages) […] encourages the recipients […] to mindfully consider the arguments and meaning of the message and to realign their beliefs and attitudes accordingly […] leading to desired changes in behaviorUse reasoned messages
Although the importance of rational sustainability communication […] emotional elements are still more importantUse emotions
[…] prefer emotional sustainability messages that appeal to their feelings […] because the sense of relief from moral guilt by making an environmentally sound choice is greaterUse emotions to evoke relief
The contextualization of messages, by making them personal, ensures perceived behavioral control, which improves […] recipients' responseContextualization and personal link

Source(s): Authors’ own creation

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