Table 1 Critical synthesis literature... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Critical synthesis literature review on OL, KM and OP

Authors	Research objective	Independent variables	Dependent variables	Mediators	Methodology	Results	Limitations and future studies
Putra and Ruslan (2021)	To analyze the effect of OL on OP	OL	OP	–	This study used the SAQ to collect the data from 221 employees	The results show that OL has a significant positive effect on OP	None reported in this article
Hutagalung et al. (2020)	To determine the effect of OL on teacher performance	OL	Teacher performance	Innovation capability	Used SAQs to the collect the data from 327 samples	The indirect effect of OL on teacher performance via innovation capability	Based on the proposed threshold of this study, future studies should find other variables that may affect teachers' performance
Sahibzada et al. (2020)	To investigate the mediating effect of OL on the relationship between KM processes and OP	KM processes	OP	Creative OL	This study used SAQs to collect the data from 536 administrative and academic staff	This study found the mediating effect of OL on the relationship between KM processes and OP	This study encouraged the replication of this framework in other cultures to correct the findings. In addition, the indirect link between KM processes and OP should be investigated further via some other mediators
Obeso et al. (2020)	To investigate the indirect effect of KM practices on OP via OL	KM	OP	OL	Telephone survey was used to the collect data from employees of 400 SMEs	This study shows that KM practices have an indirect effect on OP via OL	Future research would need to differentiate between different KM practices
Abusweilem and Abualoush (2019)	To investigate the direct effect of KM processes on OP	KM processes	OP	–	Used SAQs to collect the data from 126 staffs	This study concludes that there is a significant positive relationship between KM processes and OP	None reported in this article
Sawaean and Ali (2020)	To identify the mediating effect of innovation capacity on the learning orientation and OP links	Learning orientation	OP	Innovation capacity	SAQs, collected data from 384 owners of the various corporations	This study found the indirect effect of learning orientation on OP via innovation capacity	Future studies should consider other variables that may affect OP
Zaim et al. (2019)	To investigate the mediating effect of knowledge utilization on the links b/t KM and OP	KM process	OP	Knowledge utilization	This study used SAQs to collect the data from 1,068 employees	This research found the indirect effect of knowledge utilization on the KM–OP relationships	None reported in this article
Wahda (2017)	To identify the indirect effect of OL on OP via KM	OL	OP	KM	This study used SAQs to collect the data from 138 respondents	This study found that KM mediates the relationships between OL–KM	As this study took KM as a mediating variable, it would be interesting to take KM as exogenous or endogenous variables in the future studies
Tseng and Lee (2014)	To investigate the indirect effect of KM capability on OP via dynamic capability	KM capability	OP	Dynamic capability	SAQs and online survey (e-mail) were used to collect the data from 237 respondents	Results indicated that KM capability increases the dynamic capability of the firms, resulting in an increase in OP	This research used a purposive sampling technique; this study suggested that to increase the generalizability of the results, future studies should apply a random sampling technique
Noruzy et al. (2013)	To investigate the relationship between transformational leadership, OL, KM, organizational innovation and OP	Transformational leadership	OP	OL, KM and organizational innovation	This study used SAQS to collect the data from 280 respondents	This study found the significant relationship between constructs	Based on the proposed limits. This study suggested that more studies in this area are required to investigate relationships between these constructs in different organizational setting and culture
Kuo (2011)	To determine the relationship among human resource management, OL, KM capability, organizational innovation and OP	Human-resource management	OP, KM capability, OL and organizational innovation	–	213 surveys were collected from the employees of the technological companies	This study found the significant positive relationship among the variables	This study collected data only from Taiwanese respondents; future studies may apply this framework to other regions or countries whose environment is similar to Taiwan in order to achieve more general results

Authors	Research objective	Independent variables	Dependent variables	Mediators	Methodology	Results	Limitations and future studies
Putra and Ruslan (2021)	To analyze the effect of OL on OP	OL	OP	–	This study used the SAQ to collect the data from 221 employees	The results show that OL has a significant positive effect on OP	None reported in this article
Hutagalung et al. (2020)	To determine the effect of OL on teacher performance	OL	Teacher performance	Innovation capability	Used SAQs to the collect the data from 327 samples	The indirect effect of OL on teacher performance via innovation capability	Based on the proposed threshold of this study, future studies should find other variables that may affect teachers' performance
Sahibzada et al. (2020)	To investigate the mediating effect of OL on the relationship between KM processes and OP	KM processes	OP	Creative OL	This study used SAQs to collect the data from 536 administrative and academic staff	This study found the mediating effect of OL on the relationship between KM processes and OP	This study encouraged the replication of this framework in other cultures to correct the findings. In addition, the indirect link between KM processes and OP should be investigated further via some other mediators
Obeso et al. (2020)	To investigate the indirect effect of KM practices on OP via OL	KM	OP	OL	Telephone survey was used to the collect data from employees of 400 SMEs	This study shows that KM practices have an indirect effect on OP via OL	Future research would need to differentiate between different KM practices
Abusweilem and Abualoush (2019)	To investigate the direct effect of KM processes on OP	KM processes	OP	–	Used SAQs to collect the data from 126 staffs	This study concludes that there is a significant positive relationship between KM processes and OP	None reported in this article
Sawaean and Ali (2020)	To identify the mediating effect of innovation capacity on the learning orientation and OP links	Learning orientation	OP	Innovation capacity	SAQs, collected data from 384 owners of the various corporations	This study found the indirect effect of learning orientation on OP via innovation capacity	Future studies should consider other variables that may affect OP
Zaim et al. (2019)	To investigate the mediating effect of knowledge utilization on the links b/t KM and OP	KM process	OP	Knowledge utilization	This study used SAQs to collect the data from 1,068 employees	This research found the indirect effect of knowledge utilization on the KM–OP relationships	None reported in this article
Wahda (2017)	To identify the indirect effect of OL on OP via KM	OL	OP	KM	This study used SAQs to collect the data from 138 respondents	This study found that KM mediates the relationships between OL–KM	As this study took KM as a mediating variable, it would be interesting to take KM as exogenous or endogenous variables in the future studies
Tseng and Lee (2014)	To investigate the indirect effect of KM capability on OP via dynamic capability	KM capability	OP	Dynamic capability	SAQs and online survey (e-mail) were used to collect the data from 237 respondents	Results indicated that KM capability increases the dynamic capability of the firms, resulting in an increase in OP	This research used a purposive sampling technique; this study suggested that to increase the generalizability of the results, future studies should apply a random sampling technique
Noruzy et al. (2013)	To investigate the relationship between transformational leadership, OL, KM, organizational innovation and OP	Transformational leadership	OP	OL, KM and organizational innovation	This study used SAQS to collect the data from 280 respondents	This study found the significant relationship between constructs	Based on the proposed limits. This study suggested that more studies in this area are required to investigate relationships between these constructs in different organizational setting and culture
Kuo (2011)	To determine the relationship among human resource management, OL, KM capability, organizational innovation and OP	Human-resource management	OP, KM capability, OL and organizational innovation	–	213 surveys were collected from the employees of the technological companies	This study found the significant positive relationship among the variables	This study collected data only from Taiwanese respondents; future studies may apply this framework to other regions or countries whose environment is similar to Taiwan in order to achieve more general results

Note(s): KM = knowledge management; OL = organizational learning; OP = organizational performance; SAQs = self-administered questionnaires; SMEs = small and medium-sized enterprises