Table 3 Measurement items, reliability...

Table 3

Measurement items, reliability and validity

Measurement items	CR	CA	AVE	Factor loading	Outer VIF
Corporate environmental ethics (CEE)	0.881	0.823	0.650	–	–
1. Our firm has clear and specific environmental policies				0.762	1.419
2. Our firm frequently invests in environmental protection				0.775	1.472
3. Our firm integrates environmental concerns and initiatives to its culture				0.789	2.002
4. Our firm integrates environmental goals and strategies into marketing campaigns				0.893	2.211
Source: Guo et al. (2020), Singh et al. (2019), Han et al. (2019)
Green creativity (GC)	0.863	0.819	0.559	–	–
1. Our firm proposes new green ideas to promote environmental performance				0.718	2.140
2. Our firm frequently suggests new avenues to achieve environmental goals and targets				0.769	2.574
3. Our firm ensures the generation of novel ways to implement green ideas				0.778	2.384
4. Our firm is constantly proposing creative solutions to environmental issues/problems				0.793	1.993
5. Our firm frequently promote the rethinking of already implemented and new green ideas				0.673	1.122
Source: Barczak et al. (2010), Chen and Chang (2013), Song and Yu, 2018
Green competitive advantage (GCA)	0.845	0.776	0.523	–	–
1. Our green products and services are better than those of competitors				0.719	1.873
2. Our green competitive advantage is better than competitors				0.794	1.656
3. Our business green processes is better than competitors				0.729	1.987
4. Our managerial and employee capabilities are better than competitors				0.730	1.501
5. Our green strategies and reputation are better and stronger than competitors				0.635	1.340
Source: Singh et al. (2019), Agyabeng-Mensah et al. (2020), Guo et al. (2020)
Sustainable production (SP)	0.854	0.791	0.540	–	–
1. Our production practices and processes reduce negative environmental impacts				0.719	1.781
2. Our production conserves energy and materials				0.690	1.522
3. Our production practices and processes ensure minimum chemical, ergonomic and physical hazards				0.801	2.000
4. Our production practices and processes ensure that products/services/packaging are safe and ecologically balanced				0.772	1.699
5. Our firm ensures waste minimization during production				0.686	1.215
Source: Veleva et al. (2001), Alayón et al., 2017
Financial performance (FP)	0.861	0.797	0.555	–	–
1. Our business has a large market share				0.719	1.656
2. Our firm accrues high returns on investment				0.809	1.768
3. Our company has high growth of market share				0.680	1.432
4. Our business has high profit margin on sales				0.650	1.837
5. Our firm has high returns on equity				0.844	2.372
Source: Alayón et al. (2017), Jabbour et al. (2020), Baah et al. (2021b, c)

Measurement items	CR	CA	AVE	Factor loading	Outer VIF
Corporate environmental ethics (CEE)	0.881	0.823	0.650	–	–
1. Our firm has clear and specific environmental policies				0.762	1.419
2. Our firm frequently invests in environmental protection				0.775	1.472
3. Our firm integrates environmental concerns and initiatives to its culture				0.789	2.002
4. Our firm integrates environmental goals and strategies into marketing campaigns				0.893	2.211
Source: Guo et al. (2020), Singh et al. (2019), Han et al. (2019)
Green creativity (GC)	0.863	0.819	0.559	–	–
1. Our firm proposes new green ideas to promote environmental performance				0.718	2.140
2. Our firm frequently suggests new avenues to achieve environmental goals and targets				0.769	2.574
3. Our firm ensures the generation of novel ways to implement green ideas				0.778	2.384
4. Our firm is constantly proposing creative solutions to environmental issues/problems				0.793	1.993
5. Our firm frequently promote the rethinking of already implemented and new green ideas				0.673	1.122
Source: Barczak et al. (2010), Chen and Chang (2013), Song and Yu, 2018
Green competitive advantage (GCA)	0.845	0.776	0.523	–	–
1. Our green products and services are better than those of competitors				0.719	1.873
2. Our green competitive advantage is better than competitors				0.794	1.656
3. Our business green processes is better than competitors				0.729	1.987
4. Our managerial and employee capabilities are better than competitors				0.730	1.501
5. Our green strategies and reputation are better and stronger than competitors				0.635	1.340
Source: Singh et al. (2019), Agyabeng-Mensah et al. (2020), Guo et al. (2020)
Sustainable production (SP)	0.854	0.791	0.540	–	–
1. Our production practices and processes reduce negative environmental impacts				0.719	1.781
2. Our production conserves energy and materials				0.690	1.522
3. Our production practices and processes ensure minimum chemical, ergonomic and physical hazards				0.801	2.000
4. Our production practices and processes ensure that products/services/packaging are safe and ecologically balanced				0.772	1.699
5. Our firm ensures waste minimization during production				0.686	1.215
Source: Veleva et al. (2001), Alayón et al., 2017
Financial performance (FP)	0.861	0.797	0.555	–	–
1. Our business has a large market share				0.719	1.656
2. Our firm accrues high returns on investment				0.809	1.768
3. Our company has high growth of market share				0.680	1.432
4. Our business has high profit margin on sales				0.650	1.837
5. Our firm has high returns on equity				0.844	2.372
Source: Alayón et al. (2017), Jabbour et al. (2020), Baah et al. (2021b, c)

Note(s): *CA – Cronbach's alpha; CR – composite reliability; AVE – average variance extracted; VIF – variance

Source(s): Authors' own work

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