Multilevel regression model (n = 4,706) predicting fan loyalty from first and second-level parameters (estimates of parameters with FLM)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3a | Model 3b | Model 3c | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | ||||||
| Constant | 4.094 (0.008)*** | 4.063 (0.016)*** | 4.094 (0.017)*** | 4.159 (0.018)*** | 1.449 (0.037)*** | 1.494 (0.039)*** |
| Level 1 | ||||||
| Sex (ref. male) | −0.072 | −0.072 (0.030) | −0.032 (0.030) | −0.031 (0.030) | ||
| Age (ref. younger adults) | −0.077*** | −0.077 (0.010)*** | −0.007 (0.010) | −0.006 (0.010) | ||
| Team and Player Alignment (ref. favourite player is in favourite team) | −0.188 (0.017)*** | −0.029 (0.011)** | −0.026 (0.011)** | |||
| Team Identification | 0.623 (0.009)*** | 0.623 (0.009)*** | ||||
| Player Identification | 0.0426 (0.009)*** | 0.044 (0.007)*** | ||||
| Level 2 | ||||||
| European (Ref. European) | −0.017 (0.017) | |||||
| Big Five League (Ref Big-Five- Leagues) | −0.054 (0.021)** | |||||
| Random effects | ||||||
| Level 1 | ||||||
| Constant | 0.250 (0.006) | 0.244 (0.006) | 0.243 (0.006) | 0.235 (0.005) | 0.094 (0.002) | 0.094 (0.002) |
| Level 2 | ||||||
| Constant | 0.006 (0.002) | 0.007 (0.002) | 0.007 (0.002) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.001 (0.001) | |
| −2Log likelihood | 5618.443 | 5579.469 | 5554.904 | 5438.589 | 1855.020 | 1846.330 |
| Δ −2 Log likelihood (Δ df) | 38.794*** | 24.565*** | 116.315*** | 3584.569 *** | 8.690** | |
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3a | Model 3b | Model 3c | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | 4.094 (0.008)*** | 4.063 (0.016)*** | 4.094 (0.017)*** | 4.159 (0.018)*** | 1.449 (0.037)*** | 1.494 (0.039)*** |
| Sex (ref. male) | −0.072 | −0.072 (0.030) | −0.032 (0.030) | −0.031 (0.030) | ||
| Age (ref. younger adults) | −0.077*** | −0.077 (0.010)*** | −0.007 (0.010) | −0.006 (0.010) | ||
| Team and Player Alignment (ref. favourite player is in favourite team) | −0.188 (0.017)*** | −0.029 (0.011)** | −0.026 (0.011)** | |||
| Team Identification | 0.623 (0.009)*** | 0.623 (0.009)*** | ||||
| Player Identification | 0.0426 (0.009)*** | 0.044 (0.007)*** | ||||
| European (Ref. European) | −0.017 (0.017) | |||||
| Big Five League (Ref Big-Five- Leagues) | −0.054 (0.021)** | |||||
| Constant | 0.250 (0.006) | 0.244 (0.006) | 0.243 (0.006) | 0.235 (0.005) | 0.094 (0.002) | 0.094 (0.002) |
| Constant | 0.006 (0.002) | 0.007 (0.002) | 0.007 (0.002) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.001 (0.001) | |
| −2Log likelihood | 5618.443 | 5579.469 | 5554.904 | 5438.589 | 1855.020 | 1846.330 |
| Δ −2 Log likelihood (Δ df) | 38.794*** | 24.565*** | 116.315*** | 3584.569 *** | 8.690** | |
Note(s): *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01,***p ≤ 0.001; ρ null model = 2.4%
Source(s): Created by author
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