Table A2 Operational flexibility and... | Emerald Publishing

Table A2

Operational flexibility and agility capabilities linked to the optimization problem in the analyzed case studies

Case	Lower-level order flexibility capabilities	Constraints	Lower-level order agility capabilities	Objective function
#1: Job shop scheduling	FM1. Product mix FM2. Volume FM3. Mass customization FM4. Machine flexibility FL1. Material supply flow FL2. Routing capability FL3. Sourcing capability FT1. Operations planning FT2. Flexible process configuration	Machine constraints: each machine has a limited capacity and availability. Each machine has specific capabilities and can only carry out certain tasks Physical limitations of manufacturing installations: expanding or purchasing new machines is not an option Precedence constraints: some jobs must be completed before others can begin Resource constraints: limited availability of resources required by jobs, including machines, tools and personnel No overtime: scheduling must comply with normal work schedule and not involve overtime for personnel or machines Delivery constraints: delivery times must be met	AM1. Production speed AM2. Real-time decision-making AM3. Process speed AT1. Rapid improvements to the operational capability to respond to changing market needs AT2. Rapid production and/or process replanning	Minimize total manufacturing time
#2: Operations planning in crude oil blending	FM1. Product mix FT1. Operations planning FT2. Flexible process configuration	Quality Standards: blended crude oil products meet the required quality standards Input Product Blend: the blend of input products to achieve the desired qualities of the output products Physical Limitations: limitaciones en la capacidad de los tanques Input Product Proportion: the proportion of each input product and the tanks in which blending should be done to obtain an output product with the desired quality Incoming Crude Oil Characteristics: characteristics of the crude oil entering the refinery, including variations in properties and availability	AM1. Production speed AM2. Real-time decision-making AM3. Process speed AL5. Rapid material flows AT2. Rapid production and/or process replanning	Maximize quality index of generated products
#3: Robot movement optimization in manufacturing	FM2. Volume FM4. Machine flexibility	Machine constraints: each machine has a limited capacity and availability Seam Coverage: Each seam must be sealed exactly once, with no overlaps or omissions Robot Movement Constraints: Each robot has specific movement capabilities, including speed and range of motion. These constraints should be considered in the optimization algorithm to ensure that robots move efficiently without exceeding their limits Material Constraints: constraints related to the availability of PVC sealant material, its application rate and the need for refills or replacements during the operation Safety Constraints: Constraints related to maintaining a safe distance from other robots, human workers and fixed machinery Quality Control: ensure that the sealant is applied correctly and meets quality standards Synchronization: Coordination of the movements of multiple robots to avoid overlaps and collisions, optimize workflow and prevent bottlenecks in the paint shop operation	AM1. Production speed AM3. Process speed	Minimize total processing time Minimize total travel distance
#4: Factory parts picking optimizations	FL1. Material supply flow FL2. Routing capability FT1. Operations planning FT2. Flexible process configuration	Capacity Constraint: maximum capacity for the number of products that can be picked simultaneously Resource Availability: the availability of store operatives, picking equipment, and other resources to scheduling picking operations Travel Time: distance between different shelves and the time it takes for operatives to move between them Batch Picking: Consider whether it is more efficient to pick parts individually or in batches	AL1. Real-time route optimization AL2. Short delivery lead-time AL3. Rapid adjustments to delivery capability AL4. Rapid improvements to delivery reliability AL5. Rapid material flows	Minimization of travel time Minimize total picking distance
#5: Distribution logistics	FL1. Material supply flow FL2. Routing capability FL3. Sourcing capability FT1. Operations planning FT2. Flexible process configuration	Supply-Demand Constraints: the components supplied by suppliers meet the demand at each vehicle assembly plant Capacity Constraints: the transportation fleets (trains, planes, ships and trucks) have limited capacity, and the total quantity of components transported by each mode of transportation does not exceed its capacity Distance Constraints: Distancia máxima que se pueden transportar los componentes utilizando cada modo de transporte. Esto asegura que las rutas de transporte Sean factibles y no excedan las distancias prácticas Intermediary Warehouse: possibility that components are routed through intermediary warehouses efficiently to minimize handling and storage costs Time Constraints: components should arrive within the specified time frame Supplier Constraints: suppliers can meet production schedules and deliver components on time (supplier reliability and lead times) Transportation Costs: costs associated with each mode of transportation Resource Allocation Constraints: Allocate resources (trucks, planes, etc.) efficiently to minimize costs and ensure that all plants are supplied without resource shortages	AL1. Real-time route optimization AL3. Rapid adjustments to delivery capability	Distribution cost
#6: Pharmaceutical distribution logistics	FL1. Material supply flow FL2. Routing capability FL3. Sourcing capability FT1. Operations planning FT2. Flexible process configuration	Time window: each delivery has a specific time window during which it must be delivered to comply with the customer's expectations Vehicle capacity: number of items that can be transported (volume, weight …) Number of worker hours Traffic constraints Availability of vehicles Delivery priority Warehouse Capacity Constraints: Ensure that the 30 warehouses have sufficient capacity to store pharmaceutical products and keep them under the right conditions, including temperature and humidity control	AL1. Real-time route optimization AL2. Short delivery lead-time AL3. Rapid adjustments to delivery capability AL4. Rapid improvements to delivery reliability AT1. Rapid improvements to the operational capability to respond to changing market needs	Delivery cost
#7: Port logistics	FL2. Routing capability FT1. Operations planning FT2. Flexible process configuration	Real-time Traffic Monitoring: real-time monitor and record traffic within the port area and creation of a detailed traffic model that represents the road network Traffic Forecasting: Use the current traffic volume data to forecast traffic conditions at signalized intersections	AL2. Short delivery lead-time AL3. Rapid adjustments to delivery capability AL4. Rapid improvements to delivery reliability AL5. Rapid material flows	Journey time: time it takes for trucks, and other vehicles to complete their journeys within the port area
#8: Last-mile delivery	FL2. Routing capability FT1. Operations planning FT2. Flexible process configuration	Vehicle Load Capacity: adhering to weight and volume constraints. Ensure that vehicles are neither overloaded nor underutilized Carrier Uptime: minimize carrier downtime by optimizing routes and schedules, ensuring that carriers are used efficiently throughout the day Delivery time windows: comply with delivery time windows Fleet Size Optimization: Strive to optimize the fleet size to ensure that the company maintains a balance between delivery efficiency and cost reduction Parcel Priority: prioritization of deliveries based on urgency and customer preferences	AL1. Real-time route optimization AL2. Short delivery lead-time AL3. Rapid adjustments to delivery capability AL4. Rapid improvements to delivery reliability	Total delivery time Total distance covered

Case	Lower-level order flexibility capabilities	Constraints	Lower-level order agility capabilities	Objective function
#1: Job shop scheduling	FM1. Product mixFM2. VolumeFM3. Mass customizationFM4. Machine flexibilityFL1. Material supply flowFL2. Routing capabilityFL3. Sourcing capabilityFT1. Operations planningFT2. Flexible process configuration	Machine constraints: each machine has a limited capacity and availability. Each machine has specific capabilities and can only carry out certain tasksPhysical limitations of manufacturing installations: expanding or purchasing new machines is not an optionPrecedence constraints: some jobs must be completed before others can beginResource constraints: limited availability of resources required by jobs, including machines, tools and personnelNo overtime: scheduling must comply with normal work schedule and not involve overtime for personnel or machinesDelivery constraints: delivery times must be met	AM1. Production speedAM2. Real-time decision-makingAM3. Process speedAT1. Rapid improvements to the operational capability to respond to changing market needsAT2. Rapid production and/or process replanning	Minimize total manufacturing time
#2: Operations planning in crude oil blending	FM1. Product mixFT1. Operations planningFT2. Flexible process configuration	Quality Standards: blended crude oil products meet the required quality standardsInput Product Blend: the blend of input products to achieve the desired qualities of the output productsPhysical Limitations: limitaciones en la capacidad de los tanquesInput Product Proportion: the proportion of each input product and the tanks in which blending should be done to obtain an output product with the desired qualityIncoming Crude Oil Characteristics: characteristics of the crude oil entering the refinery, including variations in properties and availability	AM1. Production speedAM2. Real-time decision-makingAM3. Process speedAL5. Rapid material flowsAT2. Rapid production and/or process replanning	Maximize quality index of generated products
#3: Robot movement optimization in manufacturing	FM2. VolumeFM4. Machine flexibility	Machine constraints: each machine has a limited capacity and availabilitySeam Coverage: Each seam must be sealed exactly once, with no overlaps or omissionsRobot Movement Constraints: Each robot has specific movement capabilities, including speed and range of motion. These constraints should be considered in the optimization algorithm to ensure that robots move efficiently without exceeding their limitsMaterial Constraints: constraints related to the availability of PVC sealant material, its application rate and the need for refills or replacements during the operationSafety Constraints: Constraints related to maintaining a safe distance from other robots, human workers and fixed machineryQuality Control: ensure that the sealant is applied correctly and meets quality standardsSynchronization: Coordination of the movements of multiple robots to avoid overlaps and collisions, optimize workflow and prevent bottlenecks in the paint shop operation	AM1. Production speedAM3. Process speed	Minimize total processing timeMinimize total travel distance
#4: Factory parts picking optimizations	FL1. Material supply flowFL2. Routing capabilityFT1. Operations planningFT2. Flexible process configuration	Capacity Constraint: maximum capacity for the number of products that can be picked simultaneouslyResource Availability: the availability of store operatives, picking equipment, and other resources to scheduling picking operationsTravel Time: distance between different shelves and the time it takes for operatives to move between themBatch Picking: Consider whether it is more efficient to pick parts individually or in batches	AL1. Real-time route optimizationAL2. Short delivery lead-timeAL3. Rapid adjustments to delivery capabilityAL4. Rapid improvements to delivery reliabilityAL5. Rapid material flows	Minimization of travel timeMinimize total picking distance
#5: Distribution logistics	FL1. Material supply flowFL2. Routing capabilityFL3. Sourcing capabilityFT1. Operations planningFT2. Flexible process configuration	Supply-Demand Constraints: the components supplied by suppliers meet the demand at each vehicle assembly plantCapacity Constraints: the transportation fleets (trains, planes, ships and trucks) have limited capacity, and the total quantity of components transported by each mode of transportation does not exceed its capacityDistance Constraints: Distancia máxima que se pueden transportar los componentes utilizando cada modo de transporte. Esto asegura que las rutas de transporte Sean factibles y no excedan las distancias prácticasIntermediary Warehouse: possibility that components are routed through intermediary warehouses efficiently to minimize handling and storage costsTime Constraints: components should arrive within the specified time frameSupplier Constraints: suppliers can meet production schedules and deliver components on time (supplier reliability and lead times)Transportation Costs: costs associated with each mode of transportationResource Allocation Constraints: Allocate resources (trucks, planes, etc.) efficiently to minimize costs and ensure that all plants are supplied without resource shortages	AL1. Real-time route optimizationAL3. Rapid adjustments to delivery capability	Distribution cost
#6: Pharmaceutical distribution logistics	FL1. Material supply flowFL2. Routing capabilityFL3. Sourcing capabilityFT1. Operations planningFT2. Flexible process configuration	Time window: each delivery has a specific time window during which it must be delivered to comply with the customer's expectationsVehicle capacity: number of items that can be transported (volume, weight …)Number of worker hoursTraffic constraintsAvailability of vehiclesDelivery priorityWarehouse Capacity Constraints: Ensure that the 30 warehouses have sufficient capacity to store pharmaceutical products and keep them under the right conditions, including temperature and humidity control	AL1. Real-time route optimizationAL2. Short delivery lead-timeAL3. Rapid adjustments to delivery capabilityAL4. Rapid improvements to delivery reliabilityAT1. Rapid improvements to the operational capability to respond to changing market needs	Delivery cost
#7: Port logistics	FL2. Routing capabilityFT1. Operations planningFT2. Flexible process configuration	Real-time Traffic Monitoring: real-time monitor and record traffic within the port area and creation of a detailed traffic model that represents the road networkTraffic Forecasting: Use the current traffic volume data to forecast traffic conditions at signalized intersections	AL2. Short delivery lead-timeAL3. Rapid adjustments to delivery capabilityAL4. Rapid improvements to delivery reliabilityAL5. Rapid material flows	Journey time: time it takes for trucks, and other vehicles to complete their journeys within the port area
#8: Last-mile delivery	FL2. Routing capabilityFT1. Operations planningFT2. Flexible process configuration	Vehicle Load Capacity: adhering to weight and volume constraints. Ensure that vehicles are neither overloaded nor underutilizedCarrier Uptime: minimize carrier downtime by optimizing routes and schedules, ensuring that carriers are used efficiently throughout the dayDelivery time windows: comply with delivery time windowsFleet Size Optimization: Strive to optimize the fleet size to ensure that the company maintains a balance between delivery efficiency and cost reductionParcel Priority: prioritization of deliveries based on urgency and customer preferences	AL1. Real-time route optimizationAL2. Short delivery lead-timeAL3. Rapid adjustments to delivery capabilityAL4. Rapid improvements to delivery reliability	Total delivery timeTotal distance covered