Table 1

Characteristics of digital platforms

CharacteristicDescriptionReference(s)
• ModularityPurely technical artefacts, extensible codebase, with a digital ecosystem consisting of multiple third-party modulesTiwana et al. (2010) 
• InteroperabilitySoftware-based codebases in which shared core functionality enables interoperability among these modules and facilitator interfacesGhazawneh and Henfridsson (2015) 
• CompatibilityShared set of technologies, architecture, services and components to serve the diverse group of actors and create valueGawer and Cusumano (2002); Gawer (2014) 
• Network effectsMultisided marketplaces, where value is created through interactions, enable the multiplication and replication of traditional market activitiesStill et al. (2017) 
• DisintermediationIncorporate e-commerce marketplaces and extend to interactive ecosystems, leading to disintermediation and network economicsParker et al. (2016) 
• IntegrationOnline, multisided marketplaces bridge the gap between digital and physical processes and activitiesDe Reuver et al. (2018) 

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