Panel asymmetric causality (Inf+ and pov+)
| Cross sections | Null hypothesis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inf+ does not cause pov+ | Pov+ does not cause inf+ | |||||||
| Wald stat | p-value | lag | Decision | Wald stat | p-value | lag | Decision | |
| Panel | 55.695*** | 0.006 | 11 | Reject | 3.512 | 0.220 | 1 | Accept |
| Botswana | 28.506 | 0.152 | 11 | Accept | 3.446* | 0.072 | 1 | Reject |
| Burkina Faso | 82.095** | 0.019 | 11 | Reject | 2.423 | 0.129 | 1 | Accept |
| Cameroon | 9.905 | 0.591 | 11 | Accept | 6.320** | 0.017 | 1 | Reject |
| Congo, Rep | 104.645** | 0.011 | 11 | Reject | 0.823 | 0.370 | 1 | Accept |
| Gabon | 40.183* | 0.082 | 11 | Reject | 2.954* | 0.094 | 1 | Reject |
| Kenya | 21.315 | 0.241 | 11 | Accept | 1.563 | 0.220 | 1 | Accept |
| Madagascar | 148.935*** | 0.005 | 11 | Reject | 1.736 | 0.196 | 1 | Accept |
| Mauritania | 19.285 | 0.278 | 11 | Accept | 4.931** | 0.033 | 1 | Reject |
| Nigeria | 94.206** | 0.014 | 11 | Reject | 0.006 | 0.938 | 1 | Accept |
| Senegal | 43.404* | 0.071 | 11 | Reject | 0.833 | 0.368 | 1 | Accept |
| South Africa | 22.435 | 0.223 | 11 | Accept | 12.755*** | 0.001 | 1 | Reject |
| Togo | 53.429** | 0.047 | 11 | Reject | 4.354** | 0.044 | 1 | Reject |
| Cross sections | Null hypothesis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inf+ does not cause pov+ | Pov+ does not cause inf+ | |||||||
| Wald stat | lag | Decision | Wald stat | lag | Decision | |||
| Botswana | 28.506 | 0.152 | 11 | Accept | 3.446* | 0.072 | 1 | Reject |
| Burkina Faso | 82.095** | 0.019 | 11 | Reject | 2.423 | 0.129 | 1 | Accept |
| Cameroon | 9.905 | 0.591 | 11 | Accept | 6.320** | 0.017 | 1 | Reject |
| Congo, Rep | 104.645** | 0.011 | 11 | Reject | 0.823 | 0.370 | 1 | Accept |
| Gabon | 40.183* | 0.082 | 11 | Reject | 2.954* | 0.094 | 1 | Reject |
| Kenya | 21.315 | 0.241 | 11 | Accept | 1.563 | 0.220 | 1 | Accept |
| Madagascar | 148.935*** | 0.005 | 11 | Reject | 1.736 | 0.196 | 1 | Accept |
| Mauritania | 19.285 | 0.278 | 11 | Accept | 4.931** | 0.033 | 1 | Reject |
| Nigeria | 94.206** | 0.014 | 11 | Reject | 0.006 | 0.938 | 1 | Accept |
| Senegal | 43.404* | 0.071 | 11 | Reject | 0.833 | 0.368 | 1 | Accept |
| South Africa | 22.435 | 0.223 | 11 | Accept | 12.755*** | 0.001 | 1 | Reject |
| Togo | 53.429** | 0.047 | 11 | Reject | 4.354** | 0.044 | 1 | Reject |
Note(s): The symbols ***, ** and * represent 1%, 5 and 10% level of significance, respectively. Also, computation of p-values are based on 1,000 bootstrap replications. The lag length criteria is endogenously determined based on Bayesian information criteria (BIC)
Source(s): Authors' computations
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