Table 9

Panel asymmetric causality (Inf+ and pov)

Cross sectionsNull hypothesis
Inf+ does not cause povPov does not cause inf+
Wald statp-valuelagDecisionWald statp-valuelagDecision
Panel1.5010.7891Accept5.387**0.0301Reject
Botswana5.290**0.0281Reject2.951*0.0951Reject
Burkina Faso0.7270.4001Accept1.4590.2351Accept
Cameroon2.7730.1051Accept7.272**0.0111Reject
Congo, Rep.3.136*0.0851Reject2.974*0.0931Reject
Gabon1.2540.2701Accept4.021**0.0531Reject
Kenya0.6530.4251Accept1.6720.2041Accept
Madagascar0.4280.5171Accept4.894**0.0341Reject
Mauritania0.0950.7601Accept7.761***0.0091Reject
Nigeria0.4090.5271Accept0.4660.4991Accept
Senegal0.0650.8001Accept2.2220.1451Accept
South Africa2.7350.1071Accept0.7610.3891Accept
Togo0.4440.5101Accept28.185***0.0001Reject

Note(s): The symbols ***, ** and * represent 1%, 5 and 10% level of significance, respectively. Also, computation of p-values are based on 1,000 bootstrap replications. The lag length criteria is endogenously determined based on Bayesian information criteria (BIC)

Source(s): Authors' computations

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal