Variables included in the factor analysis
| Variable | FL | Rural | Suburban | Urban | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | Median | Mode | M | SD | Median | Mode | M | SD | Median | Mode | ||
| Police legitimacy (α = 0.92; KMO = 0.84; var. = 74.86%) | |||||||||||||
| The police in my community are trustworthy | 0.84 | 3.43 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 | 3.34 | 1.03 | 3 | 4 | 3.26 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 |
| The police can be trusted to make decisions that are right for your community | 0.91 | 4.43 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.40 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 | 3.21 | 1.03 | 3 | 3 |
| I am proud of the police in this community | 0.88 | 4.43 | 1.03 | 3 | 3 | 3.31 | 0.98 | 3 | 3 | 3.11 | 1.03 | 3 | 3 |
| I have confidence in the police | 0.82 | 3.40 | 1.05 | 3 | 4 | 3.36 | 1.02 | 3 | 4 | 3.28 | 1.11 | 3 | 4 |
| Obligation to obey (α = 0.82; KMO = 0.66; var. = 62.67%) | |||||||||||||
| You should accept police decisions even if you think they are wrong | 0.76 | 2.97 | 1.14 | 3 | 3 | 2.78 | 1.19 | 3 | 3 | 2.73 | 1.20 | 3 | 3 |
| You should do what the police tell you to do even if you disagree | 0.95 | 3.02 | 1.20 | 3 | 3 | 2.91 | 1.23 | 3 | 3 | 2.76 | 1,22 | 3 | 3 |
| People like me have no choice but to obey the directives of the police | 0.63 | 2.99 | 1.27 | 3 | 4 | 2.95 | 1.27 | 3 | 3 | 2.84 | 1.29 | 3 | 3 |
| Trust in police (α = 0.87; KMO = 0.79; var. = 63.62%) | |||||||||||||
| The police act in ways that are consistent with my own moral values | 0.75 | 3.37 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.31 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.30 | 1.04 | 3 | 3 |
| When the police deal with people, they always behave according to the law | 0.88 | 3.37 | 1.04 | 3 | 4 | 3.21 | 1.08 | 3 | 3 | 3.17 | 1.06 | 3 | 3 |
| The police always obey the law | 0.82 | 3.26 | 1.09 | 3 | 3 | 3.19 | 1.14 | 3 | 3 | 3.02 | 1.12 | 3 | 3 |
| If I were to talk to police officers in my community, I would find their values to be very similar to my own | 0.73 | 3.42 | 0.93 | 3 | 3 | 3.24 | 1.07 | 3 | 3 | 3.15 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 |
| Procedural justice (α = 0.95; KMO = 0.95; var. = 66.81%) | |||||||||||||
| The police treat citizens with respect | 0.80 | 3.40 | 0.95 | 3 | 3 | 3.40 | 0.94 | 3 | 4 | 3.21 | 1.03 | 3 | 3 |
| The police respect citizens' rights | 0.85 | 3.49 | 0.96 | 4 | 3 | 3.46 | 0.96 | 3 | 3 | 3.27 | 1.03 | 3 | 3 |
| The police treat people fairly | 0.86 | 3.39 | 1.01 | 3 | 3 | 3.40 | 0.94 | 3 | 4 | 3.19 | 1.01 | 3 | 3 |
| The police are courteous to citizens they come into contact with | 0.82 | 3.47 | 0.98 | 4 | 4 | 3.49 | 0.91 | 4 | 4 | 3.40 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 |
| The police take time to listen to people | 0.83 | 3.26 | 1.05 | 3 | 3 | 3.33 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 | 3.16 | 1.02 | 3 | 3 |
| The police make decisions to handle problems fairly | 0.87 | 3.37 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.42 | 0.89 | 3 | 3 | 3.19 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 |
| The police treat everyone with dignity | 0.85 | 3.38 | 0.98 | 3 | 3 | 3.43 | 0.91 | 3 | 4 | 3.27 | 0.98 | 3 | 3 |
| The police follow through on their decisions and promises they make | 0.76 | 3.25 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 | 3.29 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.12 | 0.96 | 3 | 3 |
| The police explain their decisions to the people they deal with | 0.70 | 3.33 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 | 3.41 | 0.98 | 3 | 3 | 3.21 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 |
| Police effectiveness (α = 0.87; KMO = 0.83; var. = 44.01%) | |||||||||||||
| The police are doing a good job preventing crime in my neighbourhood | 0.52 | 3.44 | 0.93 | 3 | 4 | 3.38 | 0.93 | 3 | 3 | 3.25 | 0.94 | 3 | 3 |
| The police do a good job maintaining order in my neighbourhood | 0.55 | 3.45 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.48 | 0.93 | 3 | 3 | 3.33 | 0.93 | 3 | 3 |
| The police are always ready to provide satisfactory assistance to victims of crime | 0.48 | 3.42 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.48 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 | 3.31 | 0.96 | 3 | 3 |
| The police are doing well in controlling violent crime | 0.45 | 3.34 | 0.96 | 3 | 3 | 3.40 | 1.01 | 3 | 3 | 3.20 | 0.96 | 3 | 3 |
| When I am walking around my neighbourhood at night, I feel safe | 0.75 | 4.03 | 1.04 | 4 | 5 | 3.81 | 0.97 | 4 | 4 | 3.69 | 1.18 | 4 | 4 |
| I feel safe in my neighbourhood | 0.81 | 4.17 | 0.95 | 4 | 5 | 4.04 | 0.92 | 4 | 4 | 3.89 | 1.07 | 4 | 4 |
| I feel safe when I am at home | 0.74 | 4.33 | 0.89 | 5 | 5 | 4.24 | 0.82 | 4 | 5 | 4.19 | 0.98 | 4 | 5 |
| I feel safe shopping in my neighbourhood | 0.76 | 4.19 | 0.98 | 4 | 5 | 4.26 | 0.83 | 4 | 5 | 4.18 | 0.96 | 4 | 5 |
| I feel safe when I spend my free time (e.g. sports activities) in my neighbourhood | 0.77 | 4.29 | 0.92 | 5 | 5 | 4.31 | 0.84 | 5 | 5 | 4.24 | 0.94 | 4 | 5 |
| Legal cynicism (α = 0.74; KMO = 0.75; var. = 42.21%) | |||||||||||||
| To make money, there are no right or wrong ways anymore, only easy ways and hard ways | 0.64 | 2.89 | 1.31 | 3 | 3 | 2.88 | 1.37 | 3 | 3 | 2.57 | 1.24 | 3 | 3 |
| Nowadays a person has to live pretty much for today and let tomorrow take care of itself | 0.73 | 2.75 | 1.38 | 3 | 3 | 2.64 | 1.38 | 3 | 1 | 2.43 | 1.25 | 2 | 1 |
| Laws were made to be broken | 0.66 | 2.13 | 1.26 | 2 | 1 | 2.08 | 1.32 | 1 | 1 | 1.93 | 1.15 | 1 | 1 |
| It is okay to do anything you want as long as you don’t hurt anyone | 0.55 | 3.00 | 1.40 | 3 | 4 | 2.88 | 1.35 | 3 | 3 | 2.69 | 1.38 | 3 | 1 |
| Relations with police (α = 0.83; KMO = 0.64; var. = 66.89%) | |||||||||||||
| Most citizens have a positive opinion of the police | 0.92 | 2.88 | 1.05 | 3 | 3 | 2.88 | 1.07 | 3 | 3 | 2.76 | 1.13 | 3 | 3 |
| Most citizens have a positive opinion about the work of the police | 0.94 | 2.86 | 1.04 | 3 | 3 | 2.82 | 1.02 | 3 | 3 | 2.79 | 1.04 | 3 | 3 |
| Police officers are rightly trusted by the majority of citizens | 0.54 | 3.30 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.22 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 | 3.13 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 |
| Variable | FL | Rural | Suburban | Urban | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | Median | Mode | M | SD | Median | Mode | M | SD | Median | Mode | ||
| The police in my community are trustworthy | 0.84 | 3.43 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 | 3.34 | 1.03 | 3 | 4 | 3.26 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 |
| The police can be trusted to make decisions that are right for your community | 0.91 | 4.43 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.40 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 | 3.21 | 1.03 | 3 | 3 |
| I am proud of the police in this community | 0.88 | 4.43 | 1.03 | 3 | 3 | 3.31 | 0.98 | 3 | 3 | 3.11 | 1.03 | 3 | 3 |
| I have confidence in the police | 0.82 | 3.40 | 1.05 | 3 | 4 | 3.36 | 1.02 | 3 | 4 | 3.28 | 1.11 | 3 | 4 |
| You should accept police decisions even if you think they are wrong | 0.76 | 2.97 | 1.14 | 3 | 3 | 2.78 | 1.19 | 3 | 3 | 2.73 | 1.20 | 3 | 3 |
| You should do what the police tell you to do even if you disagree | 0.95 | 3.02 | 1.20 | 3 | 3 | 2.91 | 1.23 | 3 | 3 | 2.76 | 1,22 | 3 | 3 |
| People like me have no choice but to obey the directives of the police | 0.63 | 2.99 | 1.27 | 3 | 4 | 2.95 | 1.27 | 3 | 3 | 2.84 | 1.29 | 3 | 3 |
| The police act in ways that are consistent with my own moral values | 0.75 | 3.37 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.31 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.30 | 1.04 | 3 | 3 |
| When the police deal with people, they always behave according to the law | 0.88 | 3.37 | 1.04 | 3 | 4 | 3.21 | 1.08 | 3 | 3 | 3.17 | 1.06 | 3 | 3 |
| The police always obey the law | 0.82 | 3.26 | 1.09 | 3 | 3 | 3.19 | 1.14 | 3 | 3 | 3.02 | 1.12 | 3 | 3 |
| If I were to talk to police officers in my community, I would find their values to be very similar to my own | 0.73 | 3.42 | 0.93 | 3 | 3 | 3.24 | 1.07 | 3 | 3 | 3.15 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 |
| The police treat citizens with respect | 0.80 | 3.40 | 0.95 | 3 | 3 | 3.40 | 0.94 | 3 | 4 | 3.21 | 1.03 | 3 | 3 |
| The police respect citizens' rights | 0.85 | 3.49 | 0.96 | 4 | 3 | 3.46 | 0.96 | 3 | 3 | 3.27 | 1.03 | 3 | 3 |
| The police treat people fairly | 0.86 | 3.39 | 1.01 | 3 | 3 | 3.40 | 0.94 | 3 | 4 | 3.19 | 1.01 | 3 | 3 |
| The police are courteous to citizens they come into contact with | 0.82 | 3.47 | 0.98 | 4 | 4 | 3.49 | 0.91 | 4 | 4 | 3.40 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 |
| The police take time to listen to people | 0.83 | 3.26 | 1.05 | 3 | 3 | 3.33 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 | 3.16 | 1.02 | 3 | 3 |
| The police make decisions to handle problems fairly | 0.87 | 3.37 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.42 | 0.89 | 3 | 3 | 3.19 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 |
| The police treat everyone with dignity | 0.85 | 3.38 | 0.98 | 3 | 3 | 3.43 | 0.91 | 3 | 4 | 3.27 | 0.98 | 3 | 3 |
| The police follow through on their decisions and promises they make | 0.76 | 3.25 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 | 3.29 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.12 | 0.96 | 3 | 3 |
| The police explain their decisions to the people they deal with | 0.70 | 3.33 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 | 3.41 | 0.98 | 3 | 3 | 3.21 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 |
| The police are doing a good job preventing crime in my neighbourhood | 0.52 | 3.44 | 0.93 | 3 | 4 | 3.38 | 0.93 | 3 | 3 | 3.25 | 0.94 | 3 | 3 |
| The police do a good job maintaining order in my neighbourhood | 0.55 | 3.45 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.48 | 0.93 | 3 | 3 | 3.33 | 0.93 | 3 | 3 |
| The police are always ready to provide satisfactory assistance to victims of crime | 0.48 | 3.42 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.48 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 | 3.31 | 0.96 | 3 | 3 |
| The police are doing well in controlling violent crime | 0.45 | 3.34 | 0.96 | 3 | 3 | 3.40 | 1.01 | 3 | 3 | 3.20 | 0.96 | 3 | 3 |
| When I am walking around my neighbourhood at night, I feel safe | 0.75 | 4.03 | 1.04 | 4 | 5 | 3.81 | 0.97 | 4 | 4 | 3.69 | 1.18 | 4 | 4 |
| I feel safe in my neighbourhood | 0.81 | 4.17 | 0.95 | 4 | 5 | 4.04 | 0.92 | 4 | 4 | 3.89 | 1.07 | 4 | 4 |
| I feel safe when I am at home | 0.74 | 4.33 | 0.89 | 5 | 5 | 4.24 | 0.82 | 4 | 5 | 4.19 | 0.98 | 4 | 5 |
| I feel safe shopping in my neighbourhood | 0.76 | 4.19 | 0.98 | 4 | 5 | 4.26 | 0.83 | 4 | 5 | 4.18 | 0.96 | 4 | 5 |
| I feel safe when I spend my free time (e.g. sports activities) in my neighbourhood | 0.77 | 4.29 | 0.92 | 5 | 5 | 4.31 | 0.84 | 5 | 5 | 4.24 | 0.94 | 4 | 5 |
| To make money, there are no right or wrong ways anymore, only easy ways and hard ways | 0.64 | 2.89 | 1.31 | 3 | 3 | 2.88 | 1.37 | 3 | 3 | 2.57 | 1.24 | 3 | 3 |
| Nowadays a person has to live pretty much for today and let tomorrow take care of itself | 0.73 | 2.75 | 1.38 | 3 | 3 | 2.64 | 1.38 | 3 | 1 | 2.43 | 1.25 | 2 | 1 |
| Laws were made to be broken | 0.66 | 2.13 | 1.26 | 2 | 1 | 2.08 | 1.32 | 1 | 1 | 1.93 | 1.15 | 1 | 1 |
| It is okay to do anything you want as long as you don’t hurt anyone | 0.55 | 3.00 | 1.40 | 3 | 4 | 2.88 | 1.35 | 3 | 3 | 2.69 | 1.38 | 3 | 1 |
| Most citizens have a positive opinion of the police | 0.92 | 2.88 | 1.05 | 3 | 3 | 2.88 | 1.07 | 3 | 3 | 2.76 | 1.13 | 3 | 3 |
| Most citizens have a positive opinion about the work of the police | 0.94 | 2.86 | 1.04 | 3 | 3 | 2.82 | 1.02 | 3 | 3 | 2.79 | 1.04 | 3 | 3 |
| Police officers are rightly trusted by the majority of citizens | 0.54 | 3.30 | 0.97 | 3 | 3 | 3.22 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 | 3.13 | 0.99 | 3 | 3 |
Note(s): n = 1,022; Principal axis factoring, rotation Varimax; FL–factor loadings; M–mean; SD - standard deviation. Scale ranging from 1 – Strongly disagree to 5 – Strongly agree
Source(s): Table by the authors
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