Definitions of variables
| Level | Variable | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Gender equality | The level of gender equality | WEF Gender Gap Report (2009–2012) |
| Social costs of failure | Stigma of bankruptcy + The depth of credit information (Coverage, scope and accessibility of credit information) | Flash Euro Barometer #257 and #354+ World Bank Doing Business (2008–2011) | |
| per capita GDP ppp (t‒1) | per capita GDP at purchasing power parity at 2005 $USD (natural log) | World Bank WDI (2008–2011) | |
| GDP growth rate (t‒1) | GDP growth rate per year | World Bank WDI (2008–2011) | |
| Population size (t‒1) | Total number of population (log) | World Bank WDI (2008–2011) | |
| Individual | Early-stage entrepreneurship | 1: individuals engaged in nascent entrepreneurial activity or operating a venture less than 42 months; 0 otherwise | GEM APS (2009–2012) |
| Age | Age of respondents (Min = 18, Max = 64) | GEM APS (2009–2012) | |
| Income | Household income level one (lowest 33%), two (middle 33%) and three (top 33%) | GEM APS (2009–2012) | |
| Education | Respondent’s education: four (graduate experience), three (post-secondary) and two (secondary). one (no secondary degree) | GEM APS (2009–2012) | |
| Gender | Respondent’s gender: 1 (male) and 0 (female) | GEM APS (2009–2012) |
| Level | Variable | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Gender equality | The level of gender equality | WEF Gender Gap Report (2009–2012) |
| Social costs of failure | Stigma of bankruptcy + The depth of credit information (Coverage, scope and accessibility of credit information) | Flash Euro Barometer #257 and #354+ | |
| per capita GDP ppp (t‒1) | per capita GDP at purchasing power parity at 2005 $USD (natural log) | World Bank WDI (2008–2011) | |
| GDP growth rate (t‒1) | GDP growth rate per year | World Bank WDI (2008–2011) | |
| Population size (t‒1) | Total number of population (log) | World Bank WDI (2008–2011) | |
| Individual | Early-stage entrepreneurship | 1: individuals engaged in nascent entrepreneurial activity or operating a venture less than 42 months; 0 otherwise | GEM APS (2009–2012) |
| Age | Age of respondents (Min = 18, Max = 64) | GEM APS (2009–2012) | |
| Income | Household income level | GEM APS (2009–2012) | |
| Education | Respondent’s education: four (graduate experience), three (post-secondary) and two (secondary). one (no secondary degree) | GEM APS (2009–2012) | |
| Gender | Respondent’s gender: 1 (male) and 0 (female) | GEM APS (2009–2012) |
Source(s): Table by authors
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