Table 2

Previous studies related to financing mechanisms for energy transition

Public financing mechanisms
Government grants and subsidiesChristophers (2022), Dhakouani et al. (2020), Neuman (2022), Yang et al. (2019) 
Tax incentivesCansino, Pablo-Romero, Román, and Yñiguez (2010), Colasante, D'Adamo, and Morone (2022), Mao and Wang (2016), Qadir et al. (2021), Shafi et al. (2023),
Public-private partnershipsFleta-Asín and Muñoz (2021), Khan, Ali, Kirikkaleli, Wahab, and Jiao (2020), Opara, Elloumi, Okafor, and Warsame (2017), Pinilla-De La Cruz et al. (2022) 
Private financing mechanisms
Equity financingJolink and Niesten (2021), Mormann (2019), Rezec and Scholtens (2017), Wu (2024) 
Debt financingDe Marco and Mangano (2017), Tang, Qi, and Zhou (2023), Zawadzka, Strzelecka, and Szafraniec-Siluta (2021) 
Green bondsAlsmadi et al. (2023), Azhgaliyeva, Kapoor, and Liu (2020), Ye and Rasoulinezhad (2023), Zhang and Umair (2023), Zhao et al. (2022) 
Market-based mechanisms
Carbon PricingBartolini, Mazzoni, Comodi, and Romagnoli (2021), Lilliestam et al. (2021), Pearse (2016), Tan, Wang, Wei, and Taghizadeh-Hesary (2023), Trinks, Mulder, and Scholtens (2022) 
Renewable energy certificatesHulshof, Jepma, and Mulder (2019), Shrimali and Tirumalachetty (2013), Wang, Zhang, Li, McLellan, and Pan (2019), Zhu, Chen, Song, Li, and Shen (2022) 
Feed-in tariffsEyre (2013), Poponi, Basosi, and Kurdgelashvili (2021), Poruschi, Ambrey, and Smart (2018), Pyrgou, Kylili, and Fokaides (2016), Tanaka, Wilson, and Managi (2022) 
Innovative financing mechanisms
CrowdfundingAppiah-Otoo, Song, Acheampong, and Yao (2022) Dilger, Jovanović, and Voigt (2017), Halden, Cali, Dynge, Stekli, and Bai (2021), Lam and Law (2016), Vasileiadou, Huijben, and Raven (2016) 
Energy service companiesKostka and Shin (2013), Nurcahyanto et al. (2020), Zheng, Lam, Hsu, and Ren (2018) 
Blockchain-based financingAhl, Yarime, Tanaka, and Sagawa (2019), Gurrib (2019), Pop et al. (2018), Tsao and Thanh (2021) 
Risk mitigation instruments
Insurance productsBhatnagar, Özdemir, and Pathak (2023), Liao, Chang, and Cheng (2022) 

Source(s): Table by authors

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