Table 2 Study variables Variables... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Study variables

Variables	Measurements	Reference
Dependent variable
Financial reporting integrity	Market-to-Book Ratio (P/B ratio) = Market Price per Share/Book Value per Share	Ma et al. (2023)
Independent variable
Ownership structure	Block-holders’ ownership: The proportion of shares owned by shareholders who hold at least 5% of shares outstanding Institutional ownership: The proportion of shares owned by institutional shareholders	Diab et al. (2023), Farooque et al., (2022)
Moderating variable
Earnings quality	Earnings quality = $\frac{C a s h f l o w f r o m o p e r a a t i o n}{n e t i n c o m e}$	El-Deeb and Albanna (2018)
Control variables
Firm size	Log of total assets	Oppong et al. (2019)
Firm age	Number of operating years for the firm	Lee and Lin (2010)
Profitability	Net income/total assets	Maditinos et al. (2011)
Financial leverage	Total liabilities/total assets	Xu and Liu (2016)

Variables	Measurements	Reference
Dependent variable
Financial reporting integrity	Market-to-Book Ratio (P/B ratio) = Market Price per Share/Book Value per Share	Ma et al. (2023)
Independent variable
Ownership structure	Block-holders’ ownership: The proportion of shares owned by shareholders who hold at least 5% of shares outstandingInstitutional ownership: The proportion of shares owned by institutional shareholders	Diab et al. (2023), Farooque et al., (2022)
Moderating variable
Earnings quality	Earnings quality = $\frac{C a s h f l o w f r o m o p e r a a t i o n}{n e t i n c o m e}$	El-Deeb and Albanna (2018)
Control variables
Firm size	Log of total assets	Oppong et al. (2019)
Firm age	Number of operating years for the firm	Lee and Lin (2010)
Profitability	Net income/total assets	Maditinos et al. (2011)
Financial leverage	Total liabilities/total assets	Xu and Liu (2016)

Source(s): Table by authors’