Table 1.

Summary of the impediments of R&A deployment in construction

CodeImpeding factorsCitations
IMP1High investment costDelgado et al. (2019), Manzo et al. (2019); Mistri and Rathod (2015); Struková and Líška (2013) 
IMP2High cost of maintenanceMahbub (2012); Struková and Líška (2013) 
IMP3Lack of government incentives to use R&A for H&SDelgado et al. (2019), Huang et al. (2021) 
IMP4Incompatibility with existing construction practices and operationsDe Looze et al. (2016); Struková and Líška (2013) 
IMP5Fragmented nature of the construction industryBalaguer and Abderrahim (2008), Chen et al. (2018) 
IMP6Aversion to change in the industryAkshatha et al. (2017), Delgado et al. (2019); Oke et al. (2018), Yahya et al. (2019) 
IMP7Poor knowledge and understanding of R&A in the industryAghimien et al. (2021), Mahbub (2012); Trujillo and Holt (2020) 
IMP8Resistance by workers and unionsAghimien et al.,(2021); Akinradewo et al. (2018), Cai et al. (2018); Mahbub (2012) 
IMP9Insufficient skilled personnelLi and Liu (2019), Oke et al. (2018) 
IMP10Need for training or retrainingDelgado et al. (2019), Kumar et al. (2016); Sacks and Barak (2010); Vähä et al. (2013) 
IMP11Fear of robot failure causing harm to workersDimick (2014), Yang et al. (2018) 
IMP12Difficulty to acquireStruková and Líška (2013) 
IMP13Difficulty to useBock (2015), Golizadeh et al. (2019); Huang et al. (2021), Mahbub (2012) 
IMP14Product complexityHuang et al. (2021) 
IMP15Unproven effectiveness for R&A for H&S in constructionDelgado et al. (2019), Lavikka (2018) 
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