Table 1

The reviews of artificial intelligence in education

AuthorTheoretical framework
Bozkurt et al. (2021) AI, pedagogy, technological issues
Chen et al. (2022) Combine AI technologies with education, learning and teaching
Zhai et al. (2021) AI technology, pedagogical design, domain knowledge and human factor
Feng and Law (2021) Three-step multi-scale (macro, meso, micro) framework
Chassignol et al. (2018) Educational process (content, teaching methods, assessment, communication) combine with specific AI technology
Baker and Smith (2019) Learner-facing, teacher-facing and system-facing
Cox (2021) Learning, administration and research
Talan (2021) Without particular framework, focusing on AI in higher education
Pua et al. (2021) Students’ learning, the relationship between teacher and machine, risk
Salas-Pilco and Yang (2022) Pedagogy design: learning, teaching and management/administration
AI application: predictive modeling in education, AI computer-assisted content analysis, assistive technology, intelligent analytics, image analytics
AI techniques, software tools and algorithms used

Source(s): Authors' own creation

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