Table 2 Questionnaire items,... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Questionnaire items, reliability/validity test results and factor loadings

Variables/Items	Factor loadings
Entrepreneurial Intentions (EI) {Cronbach’s alpha (α) = 0.97, CR = 0.96, AVE = 0.78}
I will make every effort to start and run my own business (EI1)	0.881
I am determined to create a business venture in the future (EI2)	0.895
I have very seriously thought of starting a firm (EI3)	0.895
I am ready to do anything to be an entrepreneur (EI4)	0.865
My professional goal is not to be an entrepreneur (EI5)^R	0.857
I have the firm intention to start a firm some day (EI6)	0.907
Perceived Institutional Support (PIS) {Cronbach’s alpha (α) = 0.81, CR = 0.88, AVE = 0.72}
In my country, entrepreneurs are not encouraged by a structural system including private, public, and non-governmental organizations (PIS1)^R	0.841
My country’s economy provides many opportunities for entrepreneurs (PIS2)	0.869
State laws (rules and regulations) are supportive of running a business (PISS3)	0.830
Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE) {Cronbach’s alpha (α) = 0.94, CR = 0.90, AVE = 0.70}
Confidence in successfully identifying new business opportunities (ESE1)	0.805
… in successfully creating new products (ESE2)	0.853
… in thinking creatively (ESE3)	0.863
… in successfully commercializing an idea or new development (ESE4)	0.833
Parental Role Model (PRM) {Cronbach’s alpha (α) = 0.70, CR = 0.86, AVE = 0.75}
Does your family currently have its own business (PRM1)	0.857
Has anyone in your family previously started and run a business (PRM2)	0.879

Variables/Items	Factor loadings
Entrepreneurial Intentions (EI) {Cronbach’s alpha (α) = 0.97, CR = 0.96, AVE = 0.78}
I will make every effort to start and run my own business (EI1)	0.881
I am determined to create a business venture in the future (EI2)	0.895
I have very seriously thought of starting a firm (EI3)	0.895
I am ready to do anything to be an entrepreneur (EI4)	0.865
My professional goal is not to be an entrepreneur (EI5)^R	0.857
I have the firm intention to start a firm some day (EI6)	0.907
Perceived Institutional Support (PIS) {Cronbach’s alpha (α) = 0.81, CR = 0.88, AVE = 0.72}
In my country, entrepreneurs are not encouraged by a structural system including private, public, and non-governmental organizations (PIS1)^R	0.841
My country’s economy provides many opportunities for entrepreneurs (PIS2)	0.869
State laws (rules and regulations) are supportive of running a business (PISS3)	0.830
Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE) {Cronbach’s alpha (α) = 0.94, CR = 0.90, AVE = 0.70}
Confidence in successfully identifying new business opportunities (ESE1)	0.805
… in successfully creating new products (ESE2)	0.853
… in thinking creatively (ESE3)	0.863
… in successfully commercializing an idea or new development (ESE4)	0.833
Parental Role Model (PRM) {Cronbach’s alpha (α) = 0.70, CR = 0.86, AVE = 0.75}
Does your family currently have its own business (PRM1)	0.857
Has anyone in your family previously started and run a business (PRM2)	0.879

Note(s): CR = Composite reliability; AVE = Average variance extracted; R = Reverse-coded

Source(s): Authors’ own creation