Results of the structural model and hypotheses
| Hypotheses | Hypothesized path | Standardized estimates | Indirect effect | Sobel test (Z) | Resultsa | Mediation type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H1a | PIS → EI | 0.07 | – | – | Not Supported | – |
| H1b | PIS → ESE | 0.09 | – | – | Not Supported | – |
| H1c | PIS → PRM | 0.02 | – | – | Not Supported | – |
| H2a | PRM → EI | 0.26* | – | – | Supported | – |
| H2b | PRM → ESE | 0.02 | – | – | Not Supported | – |
| H3 | ESE → EI | 0.73*** | – | – | Supported | – |
| H4a | PIS → ESE → EI | – | 0.07** | 1.63** | Supported | Full Mediation |
| H4b | PRM → ESE → EI | – | 0.06* | 0.53* | Supported | Partial Mediation |
| Nationality → EI | 0.44*** | |||||
| Age → EI | −0.01 | |||||
| Gender → EI | −0.04 | |||||
| Academic Program → EI | 0.49*** |
| Hypotheses | Hypothesized path | Standardized estimates | Indirect effect | Sobel test (Z) | Resultsa | Mediation type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIS → EI | 0.07 | – | – | Not Supported | – | |
| PIS → ESE | 0.09 | – | – | Not Supported | – | |
| PIS → PRM | 0.02 | – | – | Not Supported | – | |
| PRM → EI | 0.26* | – | – | Supported | – | |
| PRM → ESE | 0.02 | – | – | Not Supported | – | |
| ESE → EI | 0.73*** | – | – | Supported | – | |
| PIS → ESE → EI | – | 0.07** | 1.63** | Supported | Full Mediation | |
| PRM → ESE → EI | – | 0.06* | 0.53* | Supported | Partial Mediation | |
| Nationality → EI | 0.44*** | |||||
| Age → EI | −0.01 | |||||
| Gender → EI | −0.04 | |||||
| Academic Program → EI | 0.49*** |
Note(s): *** for p < 0.01, ** for p < 0.05, * for p < 0.10; a = Results are based on combined samples from both countries
Source(s): Authors’ own creation
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