Table 4 Determinants of NTFPs’...

Table 4

Determinants of NTFPs’ commercialisation and forest conservation

Variable	Indicator	Impact	Reference
Socioeconomic	Age	+	Morsello et al. (2012)
		–	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Adongo et al. (2019)
		NS	Robinson (2016), Krishnakumar et al. (2015), Nguyen et al. (2020)
	Education	+	Robinson (2016), Morsello et al. (2012)
		–	Krishnakumar et al. (2015), Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Adongo et al. (2019)
		NS	Nguyen et al. (2020)
	Farm income	+	Krishnakumar et al. (2015)
		–	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Nguyen et al. (2020)
		NS	Chou (2018), Dinda et al. (2020)
	Income from NTFPs	+	Krishnakumar et al. (2015), Adongo et al. (2019), Lowore et al. (2018), Chou (2018)
	Income from NTFPs	NS	Dinda et al. (2020)
	Gender	+	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Adongo et al. (2019)
	Gender	NS	Robinson (2016), Meaton et al. (2020), Nguyen et al. (2020)
	Household size	+	Adongo et al. (2019), Nguyen et al. (2020)
	Household size	NS	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Chou (2018)
Market factors	Price	+	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Lowore et al. (2018), Dinda et al. (2020)
	Price	–	Steele et al. (2015), De Mello et al. (2020), Vallejo et al. (2016), Mon et al. (2023)
	Distance	+	Dinda et al. (2020)
		–	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Robinson (2016), Chou (2018), Epanda et al. (2020), Nguyen et al. (2020)
		NS	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016)
	Quantity harvested	+	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016)
		–	Uprety et al. (2016)
		NS	Krishnakumar et al. (2015)
	Transportation	–	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Chew et al. (2023)
	Transportation	NS	Meaton et al. (2020)
	Market information	+	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016)
	Market information	–	Uprety et al. (2016), Schunko et al. (2019), Sekonya et al. (2020)
	Value addition	+	Chou (2018), Dinda et al. (2020)
	Value addition	–	Morsello et al. (2012), He (2018)
	Certification	+	He et al. (2014)
	Certification	–	Schunko et al. (2019)
Ecosystem factors	Seasonality and availability	+	He et al. (2014), Lowore et al. (2018), Dinda et al. (2020)
		–	Talukdar et al. (2021)
		NS	Datta and Sarkar (2012), Krishnakumar et al. (2015)
	NTFPS diversity	+	Datta and Sarkar (2012), He et al. (2014)
	NTFPS diversity	–	Mon et al. (2023)
	Harvesting practices/management	+	He (2018), Epanda et al. (2020)
		–	Robinson (2016), Uprety et al. (2016), Sekonya et al. (2020), Zhang et al. (2021)
		NS	Schunko et al. (2019)
Cultural factors	Land tenure	+	Lowore et al. (2018), Harada and Munthe (2022)
	Land tenure	–	He et al. (2014), He (2018)
	Gender	–	Meaton et al. (2020)
	Traditional Knowledge and uses	+	Morsello et al. (2012), Schunko et al. (2019), Harada and Munthe (2022)
	Traditional Knowledge and uses	–	Beltrán-Rodríguez et al. (2017)
Institutional regulations	Regulations on forest access	–	Delgado et al. (2016), Ball and Brancalion (2016), Yadav et al. (2018), Sekonya et al. (2020)
Institutional regulations	Regulations on forest access	NS	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016)

Variable	Indicator	Impact	Reference
Socioeconomic	Age	+	Morsello et al. (2012)
		–	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Adongo et al. (2019)
		NS	Robinson (2016), Krishnakumar et al. (2015), Nguyen et al. (2020)
	Education	+	Robinson (2016), Morsello et al. (2012)
		–	Krishnakumar et al. (2015), Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Adongo et al. (2019)
		NS	Nguyen et al. (2020)
	Farm income	+	Krishnakumar et al. (2015)
		–	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Nguyen et al. (2020)
		NS	Chou (2018), Dinda et al. (2020)
	Income from NTFPs	+	Krishnakumar et al. (2015), Adongo et al. (2019), Lowore et al. (2018), Chou (2018)
	Income from NTFPs	NS	Dinda et al. (2020)
	Gender	+	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Adongo et al. (2019)
	Gender	NS	Robinson (2016), Meaton et al. (2020), Nguyen et al. (2020)
	Household size	+	Adongo et al. (2019), Nguyen et al. (2020)
	Household size	NS	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Chou (2018)
Market factors	Price	+	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Lowore et al. (2018), Dinda et al. (2020)
	Price	–	Steele et al. (2015), De Mello et al. (2020), Vallejo et al. (2016), Mon et al. (2023)
	Distance	+	Dinda et al. (2020)
		–	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Robinson (2016), Chou (2018), Epanda et al. (2020), Nguyen et al. (2020)
		NS	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016)
	Quantity harvested	+	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016)
		–	Uprety et al. (2016)
		NS	Krishnakumar et al. (2015)
	Transportation	–	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016), Chew et al. (2023)
	Transportation	NS	Meaton et al. (2020)
	Market information	+	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016)
	Market information	–	Uprety et al. (2016), Schunko et al. (2019), Sekonya et al. (2020)
	Value addition	+	Chou (2018), Dinda et al. (2020)
	Value addition	–	Morsello et al. (2012), He (2018)
	Certification	+	He et al. (2014)
	Certification	–	Schunko et al. (2019)
Ecosystem factors	Seasonality and availability	+	He et al. (2014), Lowore et al. (2018), Dinda et al. (2020)
		–	Talukdar et al. (2021)
		NS	Datta and Sarkar (2012), Krishnakumar et al. (2015)
	NTFPS diversity	+	Datta and Sarkar (2012), He et al. (2014)
	NTFPS diversity	–	Mon et al. (2023)
	Harvesting practices/management	+	He (2018), Epanda et al. (2020)
		–	Robinson (2016), Uprety et al. (2016), Sekonya et al. (2020), Zhang et al. (2021)
		NS	Schunko et al. (2019)
Cultural factors	Land tenure	+	Lowore et al. (2018), Harada and Munthe (2022)
	Land tenure	–	He et al. (2014), He (2018)
	Gender	–	Meaton et al. (2020)
	Traditional Knowledge and uses	+	Morsello et al. (2012), Schunko et al. (2019), Harada and Munthe (2022)
	Traditional Knowledge and uses	–	Beltrán-Rodríguez et al. (2017)
Institutional regulations	Regulations on forest access	–	Delgado et al. (2016), Ball and Brancalion (2016), Yadav et al. (2018), Sekonya et al. (2020)
Institutional regulations	Regulations on forest access	NS	Baiyegunhi and Oppong (2016)

Note(s): NS means not statistically significant; Gender as a socioeconomic factor espouses the likelihood of the male sex or the female sex to participate in NTFPs’ commercialisation and forest conservation. However, gender as a cultural construct relates to the cultural arrangements in terms of resource accessibility, ownership, land tenure arrangements and how culturally defined gender roles (functionality) inhibit and/or facilitate NTFPs’ commercialisation and forest conservation.

Source(s): Authors' own work

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