Table 2 Data sharing practices within...

Table 2

Data sharing practices within the automotive extended supply network in the context of DT

DT-enabled data sharing	Area and main purpose	[Alphanumeric code] Flow	Assimilation level	Illustrative quotes	Sources
[A] Process connectivity	Production planning Synchronize production activities along the SC	[A1] Focal firms share production planning, work-in-progress and inventory data with suppliers	Very high – data were shared by all OEMs and first-tier suppliers	Thanks to the cloud, we open specific portions of our ERP to share with suppliers how much we have in-house – Supplier 2, Production Manager	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 1; Supplier 2; Supplier 3
		[A2] Suppliers share production planning, work-in-progress and inventory data with focal firms	Low – Premium OEM 2 and Supplier 3 piloted/completed some projects	We implemented upstream system integration thanks to a supplier transparency project. We see where our parts are at suppliers – Premium OEM 2, Head of Industry 4.0	Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 2; Supplier 3
		[A3] Both focal firms and suppliers share production planning, work-in-progress and inventory data through a digital platform	Very low – Supplier 1 launched a pilot; Commercial OEM, Supplier 2 and Supplier 3 evaluated it	«he platform acts as a trusted third party accessing the ERPs of multi-tier players. We use artificial intelligence to calculate optimal inventory – SC platform, Founder and CEO	Commercial OEM; Supplier 1; Supplier 2; Supplier 3; SC platform; Software corporation
	Logistics Reduce errors/delays in deliveries	[A4] Focal firms share detailed delivery request data with suppliers and logistic service providers	Very high – data were shared by all OEMs and first-tier suppliers	We share to both the supplier and the forwarder the exact quantity that needs to be shipped to minimize errors – Supplier 3, Head of Purchasing	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 1; Supplier 2; Supplier 3
	Synchronize production scheduling with inbound flows	[A5] Suppliers and logistic service providers share delivery status data with focal firms	Very high – all OEMs and first-tier suppliers had access to data (often through providers’ systems)	As the material leaves the supplier premises, we know the exact quantity, the license plate of the truck, and the expected time of arrival – Premium OEM 1, Head of Supply Chain	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 1; Supplier 2; Supplier 3
	Reduce logistic costs	[A6] Focal firms share bulk data to logistic service providers	Very low – Supplier 1 shared data with one global provider	They [service provider] have tools for logistics optimization, so that by interconnecting our systems we have the best solution – Diversified supplier, Supply Chain Manager	Supplier 1
	Traceability Enable control and issue resolution along the SC	[A7] Suppliers share product/process traceability data	Very low – Supplier 1 and Premium OEM 1 started a project; some industry-wide initiatives	We are piloting a blockchain-enabled traceability project with [OEM name]. It is basically oriented to facilitate product recalls – Supplier 1, ICT Director	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 1
	New product development Enable coordination and monitoring	[A8] Focal firms share data, methods and tools related to new product development with suppliers/external designers	Low – industrial technology providers shared data and methods with external design centers	We are piloting a blockchain-enabled traceability project with [OEM name]. It is basically oriented to facilitate product recalls – Supplier 1, ICT Director	Plastic equipment
		[A9] Suppliers share simulation parameters, input and results related to new product development with the focal firm	High – all first-tier suppliers shared data with OEMs	OEMs require to share more about our analyses, such as input data, simulation parameters, and results; they don’t trust the results based on our specific expertise – Supplier 1, Head of R&D	Supplier 1; Supplier 2
[B] Asset/equipment connectivity	Logistics Synchronize inbound flows with actual production progress	[B1] Focal firms share data on the progress of individual products along the assembly line	High – data from assembly lines were shared by all companies pursuing just-in-time/just-in-sequence models	Inbound logistics have long been outsourced, so we have always been sharing the sequence of production within our supplier park. Now this is happening in real time. Over the last few years, we have been integrating information systems – Mass market OEM, Production Manager	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 1; Supplier 2; Supplier 3
	Synchronize production scheduling with inbound flows	[B2] Suppliers and logistic service providers share geolocalization data on the location of the truck	Low – Premium OEM 1 and Premium OEM 2 completed pilot projects	We launched a pilot for the geolocalization of suppliers’ trucks. We have real-time visibility on the expected time of arrival – Premium OEM 1, Head of Supply Chain	Premium OEM 1, Supplier2
	Streamline and reduce errors in data acquisition	[B3] Suppliers and logistic service providers share data through sensors/intelligent labels	Low – Premium OEM 2 and Supplier 3 completed pilot projects	Thanks to RFID, before the truck enters our plant we know if the delivery, parts and volume are correct. We have connected our information system and the fiscal system – Premium OEM 2, Head of Industry 4.0	Premium OEM 2, Supplier 3
	Monitor parameters during delivery process	[B4] Suppliers and logistic service providers share sensor-generated data on ambient conditions	Low – Supplier 1 and Supplier 3 completed pilot projects	Sensors monitor ambient conditions in overseas shipments to assess any impact of temperature on the component – Supplier 3, Head of Purchasing	Supplier 1, Supplier 3
	Traceability Enable control over number of pieces produced	[B5] Suppliers share machine process data with focal firms	Low – Supplier 2 and Commercial OEM completed/evaluated projects under vendor tooling agreements	To know exactly how many pieces are produced, we could easily connect machines operating under vendor tooling agreements – Commercial OEM, Head of Industry 4.0	Commercial OEM; Supplier 2
	Quality Align process parameters along the SC	[B6] Suppliers share machine process data with focal firms	Low – Supplier 2 shared data related to a specific process step	[Name of OEM] wants to know for every component what bolts are screwed because this impacts their quality. We have connected working stations – Supplier 2, Production Manager	Premium OEM 2; Supplier 2
	Enable suppliers’ autonomous analysis	[B7] Focal firms share quality test data with suppliers for their autonomous analysis and joint quality improvements	Low – Supplier 2 completed a project	The supplier matches our [test cell] data with their internal process data. Through artificial intelligence, they can reduce scraps and increase the useful life of molds –Supplier 2, ICT Director	Supplier 2
	Process optimization Adjust process parameters based on advanced analytics	[B8] Focal firms share machine/process data with industrial technology providers	Very low – OEM/first-tier suppliers shared data mainly in case of issues	We have partnered with some customers to process their data through big data analytics. … We are able to optimize their processes for energy consumption and quality – Metal equipment, Head of Project Management	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 1; Supplier 2; metal equipment; Plastic equipment
	Maintenance Implement outsourced smart maintenance	[B9] Focal firms share machine data with industrial technology providers for smart maintenance	Low – OEMs and first-tier suppliers shared data depending on the machine	There is some sharing of real-time machine data for proactive, predictive maintenance. This is still difficult to do in terms of cost-benefit ratio – Mass market OEM, Production Manager	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 2; metal equipment; Plastic equipment
[C] Product connectivity	Service access/provision Access product functionalities and services	[C1] Final users share connected vehicle data with OEMs	Very high – owners of connected vehicles mostly share data with OEMs	Customers sign an agreement directly with the OEM where the authorization clauses are explicit. There are very few customers that opt out – Importer, Marketing Manager	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Luxury sports OEM; Supplier 2; importer, Dealer 1, Dealer 2
		[C2] Final users share connected vehicle data with first-tier suppliers and dealers	Very low – owners of connected vehicles mostly do not sign other data sharing agreements	It would be relatively easy to install a transmitting device on the car and access the vehicle data for maintenance purposes – Dealer 2, CIO	Premium OEM 2; Luxury sports OEM; Supplier 2; Importer, Dealer 1, Dealer 2
	Enable business partners to provide services	[C3] Focal firms share data with dealers, service centers and other service providers (e.g. insurers, driving schools)	Very high – all OEMs shared data	We have partnerships for insurance service. This is not something we can offer directly – Commercial OEM, Head of Digital Transformation	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Luxury sports OEM
	Develop and provide digital services (e.g. advanced driver-assistance systems – ADAS)	[C4] Focal firms share data with digital service developers/providers	Very high – all OEMs shared data with firms specialized in analytics and digital service development	This is what we are doing with OEMs. We work for them; they own the data. We provide our know-how, our expertise, place our sensors in the car, and generate algorithms – Supplier 2, Head of Production	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Luxury sports OEM; Supplier 2; System integrator
	Enable analytics including vehicles from different brands	[C5] Focal firms share individual-level data through data consolidation platforms	High – most OEMs in the commercial segment were involved	We partnered up with our competitors to create a data-sharing platform, so that we can more easily access vehicle data – Commercial OEM, Head of Connected Vehicles	Commercial OEM
	Enable analytics including vehicles from different brands	[C6] Focal firms buy/sell anonymized data through data consolidation platforms	Very high – all OEMs bought/sold data through digital platforms	Data aggregation platforms offer opportunities to share and store data to be processed in large volumes and that are not specific to any OEM – Premium OEM 1, Director of Connected Vehicles	Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Luxury sports OEM
	Quality/new product development Enable suppliers’ analysis on component use/performance	[C7] Focal firms share product-in-use data with suppliers	Low – no OEM shared data to enable first-tier suppliers’ innovation; in case of quality issues, data were shared	Usually, data from connected vehicles are shared only when there are problems to be solved. We have the simulation models for our components – Supplier 2, Head of R&D	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Luxury sports OEM; Supplier 1; Supplier 2; Supplier 3

DT-enabled data sharing	Area and main purpose	[Alphanumeric code] Flow	Assimilation level	Illustrative quotes	Sources
[A] Process connectivity	Production planningSynchronize production activities along the SC	[A1] Focal firms share production planning, work-in-progress and inventory data with suppliers	Very high – data were shared by all OEMs and first-tier suppliers	Thanks to the cloud, we open specific portions of our ERP to share with suppliers how much we have in-house – Supplier 2, Production Manager	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 1; Supplier 2; Supplier 3
		[A2] Suppliers share production planning, work-in-progress and inventory data with focal firms	Low – Premium OEM 2 and Supplier 3 piloted/completed some projects	We implemented upstream system integration thanks to a supplier transparency project. We see where our parts are at suppliers – Premium OEM 2, Head of Industry 4.0	Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 2; Supplier 3
		[A3] Both focal firms and suppliers share production planning, work-in-progress and inventory data through a digital platform	Very low – Supplier 1 launched a pilot; Commercial OEM, Supplier 2 and Supplier 3 evaluated it	«he platform acts as a trusted third party accessing the ERPs of multi-tier players. We use artificial intelligence to calculate optimal inventory – SC platform, Founder and CEO	Commercial OEM; Supplier 1; Supplier 2; Supplier 3; SC platform; Software corporation
	LogisticsReduce errors/delays in deliveries	[A4] Focal firms share detailed delivery request data with suppliers and logistic service providers	Very high – data were shared by all OEMs and first-tier suppliers	We share to both the supplier and the forwarder the exact quantity that needs to be shipped to minimize errors – Supplier 3, Head of Purchasing	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 1; Supplier 2; Supplier 3
	Synchronize production scheduling with inbound flows	[A5] Suppliers and logistic service providers share delivery status data with focal firms	Very high – all OEMs and first-tier suppliers had access to data (often through providers’ systems)	As the material leaves the supplier premises, we know the exact quantity, the license plate of the truck, and the expected time of arrival – Premium OEM 1, Head of Supply Chain	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 1; Supplier 2; Supplier 3
	Reduce logistic costs	[A6] Focal firms share bulk data to logistic service providers	Very low – Supplier 1 shared data with one global provider	They [service provider] have tools for logistics optimization, so that by interconnecting our systems we have the best solution – Diversified supplier, Supply Chain Manager	Supplier 1
	TraceabilityEnable control and issue resolution along the SC	[A7] Suppliers share product/process traceability data	Very low – Supplier 1 and Premium OEM 1 started a project; some industry-wide initiatives	We are piloting a blockchain-enabled traceability project with [OEM name]. It is basically oriented to facilitate product recalls – Supplier 1, ICT Director	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 1
	New product developmentEnable coordination and monitoring	[A8] Focal firms share data, methods and tools related to new product development with suppliers/external designers	Low – industrial technology providers shared data and methods with external design centers	We are piloting a blockchain-enabled traceability project with [OEM name]. It is basically oriented to facilitate product recalls – Supplier 1, ICT Director	Plastic equipment
	New product developmentEnable coordination and monitoring	[A9] Suppliers share simulation parameters, input and results related to new product development with the focal firm	High – all first-tier suppliers shared data with OEMs	OEMs require to share more about our analyses, such as input data, simulation parameters, and results; they don’t trust the results based on our specific expertise – Supplier 1, Head of R&D	Supplier 1; Supplier 2
[B]Asset/equipment connectivity	LogisticsSynchronize inbound flows with actual production progress	[B1] Focal firms share data on the progress of individual products along the assembly line	High – data from assembly lines were shared by all companies pursuing just-in-time/just-in-sequence models	Inbound logistics have long been outsourced, so we have always been sharing the sequence of production within our supplier park. Now this is happening in real time. Over the last few years, we have been integrating information systems – Mass market OEM, Production Manager	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 1; Supplier 2; Supplier 3
	Synchronize production scheduling with inbound flows	[B2] Suppliers and logistic service providers share geolocalization data on the location of the truck	Low – Premium OEM 1 and Premium OEM 2 completed pilot projects	We launched a pilot for the geolocalization of suppliers’ trucks. We have real-time visibility on the expected time of arrival – Premium OEM 1, Head of Supply Chain	Premium OEM 1, Supplier2
	Streamline and reduce errors in data acquisition	[B3] Suppliers and logistic service providers share data through sensors/intelligent labels	Low – Premium OEM 2 and Supplier 3 completed pilot projects	Thanks to RFID, before the truck enters our plant we know if the delivery, parts and volume are correct. We have connected our information system and the fiscal system – Premium OEM 2, Head of Industry 4.0	Premium OEM 2, Supplier 3
	Monitor parameters during delivery process	[B4] Suppliers and logistic service providers share sensor-generated data on ambient conditions	Low – Supplier 1 and Supplier 3 completed pilot projects	Sensors monitor ambient conditions in overseas shipments to assess any impact of temperature on the component – Supplier 3, Head of Purchasing	Supplier 1, Supplier 3
	TraceabilityEnable control over number of pieces produced	[B5] Suppliers share machine process data with focal firms	Low – Supplier 2 and Commercial OEM completed/evaluated projects under vendor tooling agreements	To know exactly how many pieces are produced, we could easily connect machines operating under vendor tooling agreements – Commercial OEM, Head of Industry 4.0	Commercial OEM; Supplier 2
	QualityAlign process parameters along the SC	[B6] Suppliers share machine process data with focal firms	Low – Supplier 2 shared data related to a specific process step	[Name of OEM] wants to know for every component what bolts are screwed because this impacts their quality. We have connected working stations – Supplier 2, Production Manager	Premium OEM 2; Supplier 2
	Enable suppliers’ autonomous analysis	[B7] Focal firms share quality test data with suppliers for their autonomous analysis and joint quality improvements	Low – Supplier 2 completed a project	The supplier matches our [test cell] data with their internal process data. Through artificial intelligence, they can reduce scraps and increase the useful life of molds –Supplier 2, ICT Director	Supplier 2
	Process optimizationAdjust process parameters based on advanced analytics	[B8] Focal firms share machine/process data with industrial technology providers	Very low – OEM/first-tier suppliers shared data mainly in case of issues	We have partnered with some customers to process their data through big data analytics. … We are able to optimize their processes for energy consumption and quality – Metal equipment, Head of Project Management	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 1; Supplier 2; metal equipment; Plastic equipment
	MaintenanceImplement outsourced smart maintenance	[B9] Focal firms share machine data with industrial technology providers for smart maintenance	Low – OEMs and first-tier suppliers shared data depending on the machine	There is some sharing of real-time machine data for proactive, predictive maintenance. This is still difficult to do in terms of cost-benefit ratio – Mass market OEM, Production Manager	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Supplier 2; metal equipment; Plastic equipment
[C]Product connectivity	Service access/provisionAccess product functionalities and services	[C1] Final users share connected vehicle data with OEMs	Very high – owners of connected vehicles mostly share data with OEMs	Customers sign an agreement directly with the OEM where the authorization clauses are explicit. There are very few customers that opt out – Importer, Marketing Manager	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Luxury sports OEM; Supplier 2; importer, Dealer 1, Dealer 2
		[C2] Final users share connected vehicle data with first-tier suppliers and dealers	Very low – owners of connected vehicles mostly do not sign other data sharing agreements	It would be relatively easy to install a transmitting device on the car and access the vehicle data for maintenance purposes – Dealer 2, CIO	Premium OEM 2; Luxury sports OEM; Supplier 2; Importer, Dealer 1, Dealer 2
	Enable business partners to provide services	[C3] Focal firms share data with dealers, service centers and other service providers (e.g. insurers, driving schools)	Very high – all OEMs shared data	We have partnerships for insurance service. This is not something we can offer directly – Commercial OEM, Head of Digital Transformation	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Luxury sports OEM
	Develop and provide digital services (e.g. advanced driver-assistance systems – ADAS)	[C4] Focal firms share data with digital service developers/providers	Very high – all OEMs shared data with firms specialized in analytics and digital service development	This is what we are doing with OEMs. We work for them; they own the data. We provide our know-how, our expertise, place our sensors in the car, and generate algorithms – Supplier 2, Head of Production	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Luxury sports OEM; Supplier 2; System integrator
	Enable analytics including vehicles from different brands	[C5] Focal firms share individual-level data through data consolidation platforms	High – most OEMs in the commercial segment were involved	We partnered up with our competitors to create a data-sharing platform, so that we can more easily access vehicle data – Commercial OEM, Head of Connected Vehicles	Commercial OEM
	Enable analytics including vehicles from different brands	[C6] Focal firms buy/sell anonymized data through data consolidation platforms	Very high – all OEMs bought/sold data through digital platforms	Data aggregation platforms offer opportunities to share and store data to be processed in large volumes and that are not specific to any OEM – Premium OEM 1, Director of Connected Vehicles	Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Luxury sports OEM
	Quality/new product developmentEnable suppliers’ analysis on component use/performance	[C7] Focal firms share product-in-use data with suppliers	Low – no OEM shared data to enable first-tier suppliers’ innovation; in case of quality issues, data were shared	Usually, data from connected vehicles are shared only when there are problems to be solved. We have the simulation models for our components – Supplier 2, Head of R&D	Commercial OEM; Premium OEM 1; Premium OEM 2; Mass market OEM; Luxury sports OEM; Supplier 1; Supplier 2; Supplier 3

Source: Author’s own creation

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