Table 1 Comparing multiactor business... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Comparing multiactor business models

	Networked business models	Digital platform business models	Ecosystem business models	Industrial symbiosis business models	Open business models
Theoretical foundation	IMP theory	Sharing economy	Ecosystem	Industrial symbiosis	Open innovation
Definition	“… the network-embedded type of business model encompasses a set or network of firms involved in business exchanges that can only be understood and described at the network level” (Bankvall et al., 2017, p 199)	“… conceptualize platforms as meta-organizations, or ‘organizations of organizations’ that are less formal and less hierarchical structures than firms, and yet more closely coupled than traditional markets” (Kretschmer et al., 2022, p 405)	“… is proposed analogically as a ‘community of living BM’s’ where different businesses offer their ‘AS ISBM’ and develop their ‘TO BE BM’ in conjunction with the BMES environment (things like technologies, HR, organizational structure and culture)” (Lindgren, 2016, p 70)	“…involves complex and multiple relationships among firms producing and using wastes (forming the so-called IS network)” (Fraccascia et al., 2019, p 114)	“Open models can also enable greater value capture, by using a key asset, resources or position not only in the company’s own business but also in other companies’ businesses” (Chesbrough, 2006, p 2)
Selection of core concepts	Actors, resources, activities, interactions, business relationships, network, interdependency	Configuration, coordination, connecting actors, sharing, digitalization, platform	Value proposition, value formulation, user and customer, networks, value chain (internal), competences	Symbiotic relationship, inter-dependencies, coordination, control, sustainability, waste	External knowledge, open, closed, innovation process, strategy
Empirical contexts (examples)	Industrial manufacturing, technology-based services, textile, transport	E-commerce, finance, hospitality, transport	Retail, energy industry, consumer products	Agriculture, chemical, mining, metal and textile	Chemical industry, consumer products, electronics, software and engineering
Categorization of resource applications	General applications	Specific application: sharing resources	General applications	Specific application: waste as a resource	Specific application: external knowledge as a resource

	Networked business models	Digital platform business models	Ecosystem business models	Industrial symbiosis business models	Open business models
Theoretical foundation	IMP theory	Sharing economy	Ecosystem	Industrial symbiosis	Open innovation
Definition	“… the network-embedded type of business model encompasses a set or network of firms involved in business exchanges that can only be understood and described at the network level” (Bankvall et al., 2017, p 199)	“… conceptualize platforms as meta-organizations, or ‘organizations of organizations’ that are less formal and less hierarchical structures than firms, andyet more closely coupled than traditional markets” (Kretschmer et al., 2022, p 405)	“… is proposed analogically as a ‘community of living BM’s’ where different businesses offer their ‘AS ISBM’ and develop their ‘TO BE BM’ in conjunction with the BMES environment (things like technologies, HR, organizational structure and culture)” (Lindgren, 2016, p 70)	“…involves complex and multiple relationships among firms producing and using wastes (forming the so-called IS network)”(Fraccascia et al., 2019, p 114)	“Open models can also enable greater value capture, by using a key asset, resources or position not only in the company’s own business but also in other companies’ businesses” (Chesbrough, 2006, p 2)
Selection of core concepts	Actors, resources, activities, interactions, business relationships, network, interdependency	Configuration, coordination, connecting actors, sharing, digitalization, platform	Value proposition, value formulation, user and customer, networks, value chain (internal), competences	Symbiotic relationship, inter-dependencies, coordination, control, sustainability, waste	External knowledge, open, closed, innovation process, strategy
Empirical contexts (examples)	Industrial manufacturing, technology-based services, textile, transport	E-commerce, finance, hospitality, transport	Retail, energy industry, consumer products	Agriculture,chemical, mining, metal and textile	Chemical industry, consumer products, electronics, software and engineering
Categorization of resource applications	General applications	Specific application: sharing resources	General applications	Specific application: waste as a resource	Specific application: external knowledge as a resource

Source: Authors’ own work