Table 4 Actors’ roles, individual...

Table 4

Actors’ roles, individual business models and links to the networked business models

Actor	Network role(s)	Individual business model	Link between the networked- and individual business model
*Case A*
Solar firm 1	- Developer - Contractor (O&M)	Solar PPA provision: sell solar electricity through PPA setups by developing, building and operating large solar PV systems	Reinforce: PPA-based solar PV parks was at the core of the firm’s business model
Energy utility 1	- Landowner - Park owner - Grid owner - Electricity retailer	Municipal energy utility: develop, build and operate large, centralized power plants to generate and deliver energy to end consumers	Expand: the networked business model enabled adding solar electricity to the portfolio
Asset management firm	- Park owner	Infrastructure investment: manage pooled client funds by providing financing to build, purchase or upgrade infrastructure assets	Reinforce: PPA-based solar PV parks represented an attractive infrastructure investment
Bank	- Offtaker	Banking: provide financial services to businesses and private consumers	Reinforce: securing solar electricity was seen to build credibility as a sustainable bank
Renewable energy firm	- Contractor (EPC)	Renewable energy construction: build and operate large, centralized power plants based on renewables	Expand: the firm started to develop solar PV parks and offer PPA setups after participating in the network
*Case B*
Solar firm 2	- Developer - Contractor	Solar turnkey provision: develop and build turnkey solar PV systems	Expand: the networked business model enabled them to start developing and building solar PV parks in-house
Solar firm 3	- Developer (park design)	Service-based solar wholesales: sell solar PV components and installation services to retailers and developers	Focus: the firm exited the network after changing to a pure solar wholesales business model
Municipality	- Landowner	Municipal development: promote economic and social development of the local community	Reinforce: participating in the network was a way to support local business and municipal development
Consulting firm	- Contractor (project management)	Energy consultancy: provide professional customers with expertise and services relating to the energy industry	Reinforce: the networked business model led to a closer collaboration with their existing customer Solar firm 2
Real estate firm	- Park owner - Offtaker	Real estate: Develop and own rental residential and social infrastructure properties	Reinforce: owning a solar PV park was a way to secure sustainable electricity in a familiar way (owning properties)
Energy utility 2	- Grid owner	Municipal energy utility: develop, build and operate large, centralized power plants to generate and deliver energy to end consumers	Reinforce: as the area grid owner, the firm was obliged to assist with connecting the solar PV park
Energy utility 3	- Electricity retailer	Municipal energy utility: develop, build and operate large, centralized power plants to generate and deliver energy to end consumers	Reinforce: joining the network enabled them to keep the real estate firm as a customer
*Case C*
Solar firm 4	- Developer - Contractor - Park owner	Diversified solar PV provision: develop and build both small and large turnkey solar PV systems. Also operate large solar PV systems	Reinforce: PPA-based solar PV parks represented one branch of the firm’s individual business model
Amusement park	- Offtaker	Park amusement: offer stationary recreational attractions for visitors	Reinforce: solar electricity supported their business and sustainability profile
Energy utility 4	- Electricity retailer	Municipal energy utility: develop, build and operate large, centralized power plants to generate and deliver energy to end consumers	Reinforce: joining the network enabled them to keep the amusement park as a customer
Energy utility 5	- Grid owner	Multinational energy utility: develop, build and operate large, centralized power plants to generate and deliver energy to end consumers	Reinforce: as the area grid owner, the firm was obliged to assist with connecting the solar PV park
Farmer	- Landowner	Agriculture: produce crops and livestock	Reinforce: the networked business model represented a way to utilize existing resources and contribute to sustainability

Actor	Network role(s)	Individual business model	Link between the networked- and individual business model
Case A
Solar firm 1	- Developer- Contractor (O&M)	Solar PPA provision: sell solar electricity through PPA setups by developing, building and operating large solar PV systems	Reinforce: PPA-based solar PV parks was at the core of the firm’s business model
Energy utility 1	- Landowner- Park owner- Grid owner- Electricity retailer	Municipal energy utility: develop, build and operate large, centralized power plants to generate and deliver energy to end consumers	Expand: the networked business model enabled adding solar electricity to the portfolio
Asset management firm	- Park owner	Infrastructure investment: manage pooled client funds by providing financing to build, purchase or upgrade infrastructure assets	Reinforce: PPA-based solar PV parks represented an attractive infrastructure investment
Bank	- Offtaker	Banking: provide financial services to businesses and private consumers	Reinforce: securing solar electricity was seen to build credibility as a sustainable bank
Renewable energy firm	- Contractor (EPC)	Renewable energy construction: build and operate large, centralized power plants based on renewables	Expand: the firm started to develop solar PV parks and offer PPA setups after participating in the network
Case B
Solar firm 2	- Developer- Contractor	Solar turnkey provision: develop and build turnkey solar PV systems	Expand: the networked business model enabled them to start developing and building solar PV parks in-house
Solar firm 3	- Developer (park design)	Service-based solar wholesales: sell solar PV components and installation services to retailers and developers	Focus: the firm exited the network after changing to a pure solar wholesales business model
Municipality	- Landowner	Municipal development: promote economic and social development of the local community	Reinforce: participating in the network was a way to support local business and municipal development
Consulting firm	- Contractor (project management)	Energy consultancy: provide professional customers with expertise and services relating to the energy industry	Reinforce: the networked business model led to a closer collaboration with their existing customer Solar firm 2
Real estate firm	- Park owner- Offtaker	Real estate: Develop and own rental residential and social infrastructure properties	Reinforce: owning a solar PV park was a way to secure sustainable electricity in a familiar way (owning properties)
Energy utility 2	- Grid owner	Municipal energy utility: develop, build and operate large, centralized power plants to generate and deliver energy to end consumers	Reinforce: as the area grid owner, the firm was obliged to assist with connecting the solar PV park
Energy utility 3	- Electricity retailer	Municipal energy utility: develop, build and operate large, centralized power plants to generate and deliver energy to end consumers	Reinforce: joining the network enabled them to keep the real estate firm as a customer
Case C
Solar firm 4	- Developer- Contractor- Park owner	Diversified solar PV provision: develop and build both small and large turnkey solar PV systems. Also operate large solar PV systems	Reinforce: PPA-based solar PV parks represented one branch of the firm’s individual business model
Amusement park	- Offtaker	Park amusement: offer stationary recreational attractions for visitors	Reinforce: solar electricity supported their business and sustainability profile
Energy utility 4	- Electricity retailer	Municipal energy utility: develop, build and operate large, centralized power plants to generate and deliver energy to end consumers	Reinforce: joining the network enabled them to keep the amusement park as a customer
Energy utility 5	- Grid owner	Multinational energy utility: develop, build and operate large, centralized power plants to generate and deliver energy to end consumers	Reinforce: as the area grid owner, the firm was obliged to assist with connecting the solar PV park
Farmer	- Landowner	Agriculture: produce crops and livestock	Reinforce: the networked business model represented a way to utilize existing resources and contribute to sustainability

Source: Authors’ own work

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