Table 3 Coding structure used for the...

Table 3

Coding structure used for the thematic analysis

Theme	Code label	Code definition	Coding rules
*Asset specificity*	Human	Investments in training	Mention of training of the personnel through internal communication or meetings
	Physical	Investments in technical development and consulting	Mention of various implementation costs (software/hardware implementation, maintenance, transaction costs, etc.)
	Physical	Investment in new machinery	Mention of new machinery needed to support blockchain-traced products
*Uncertainty*	Behavioural	Increase of credibility	Improvement in the credibility of the firms along the supply chain
	Behavioural	Decrease in opportunistic behaviour	Improvement in the trust relationship and greater responsibility of the supplier
	Environmental	More information available	More information helps companies to foresee unpredictable changes
	Environmental	Traceability improvement	Critical tool for addressing issues such as food safety and food complaints
*Frequency*	Frequency	Information exchange improvement	More precise, visible and available information
	Frequency	Reduction of information asymmetry	Better distribution of information, both upstream and downstream
*VRIN resource*	Valuable	Increased in perceived product quality	The increase in perceived product quality improves firm reliability
	Valuable	Blockchain as a technology is valuable	Mention that it allows an organisation to both exploit opportunities and counter threats
	Valuable	Blockchain enables firms to differentiate	Mention that firms differentiate themselves from others due to technology adoption
	Valuable	Blockchain gives value to the brand	Mention that blockchain gives value to the brand just by having it
	Inimitable	Blockchain as a technology is inimitable	Mention that blockchain is difficult to acquire and replicate
	Rare	Blockchain as a technology is rare	Mention that only a few competitors have it
	Non-substitutable	Blockchain technology is unique	Mention of unique and non-replicable features that the adoption of BCT brings
*Dynamic capabilities*	Adaptive	Product differentiation	Enables firm to create new products or adapt old ones to dynamic markets
	Adaptive	Improvement of market scanning	Better response to external opportunities, anticipation of market trend and consumer needs
	Absorptive	Assimilation of new information	Improvement in the ability to receive and process external information
	Absorptive	Improvement of existing process	Flexible technology to be integrated into the company’s existing processes
	Innovative	Strategic innovative orientation	Development of innovative processes and adoption of innovative behaviour

Theme	Code label	Code definition	Coding rules
Asset specificity	Human	Investments in training	Mention of training of the personnel through internal communication or meetings
	Physical	Investments in technical development and consulting	Mention of various implementation costs (software/hardware implementation, maintenance, transaction costs, etc.)
	Physical	Investment in new machinery	Mention of new machinery needed to support blockchain-traced products
Uncertainty	Behavioural	Increase of credibility	Improvement in the credibility of the firms along the supply chain
	Behavioural	Decrease in opportunistic behaviour	Improvement in the trust relationship and greater responsibility of the supplier
	Environmental	More information available	More information helps companies to foresee unpredictable changes
	Environmental	Traceability improvement	Critical tool for addressing issues such as food safety and food complaints
Frequency	Frequency	Information exchange improvement	More precise, visible and available information
	Frequency	Reduction of information asymmetry	Better distribution of information, both upstream and downstream
VRIN resource	Valuable	Increased in perceived product quality	The increase in perceived product quality improves firm reliability
	Valuable	Blockchain as a technology is valuable	Mention that it allows an organisation to both exploit opportunities and counter threats
	Valuable	Blockchain enables firms to differentiate	Mention that firms differentiate themselves from others due to technology adoption
	Valuable	Blockchain gives value to the brand	Mention that blockchain gives value to the brand just by having it
	Inimitable	Blockchain as a technology is inimitable	Mention that blockchain is difficult to acquire and replicate
	Rare	Blockchain as a technology is rare	Mention that only a few competitors have it
	Non-substitutable	Blockchain technology is unique	Mention of unique and non-replicable features that the adoption of BCT brings
Dynamic capabilities	Adaptive	Product differentiation	Enables firm to create new products or adapt old ones to dynamic markets
	Adaptive	Improvement of market scanning	Better response to external opportunities, anticipation of market trend and consumer needs
	Absorptive	Assimilation of new information	Improvement in the ability to receive and process external information
	Absorptive	Improvement of existing process	Flexible technology to be integrated into the company’s existing processes
	Innovative	Strategic innovative orientation	Development of innovative processes and adoption of innovative behaviour

Notes:

Further details of the coding process can be found in the Excel document in the supplementary material section

Source: Authors’ own work

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