Table 1

Framework implications

Implications for practitionersImplications for policymakersImplications for academics
P1: PCF transparency
  • Collaborate with Tier-N suppliers for data

  • Engage international carbon emission calculation standardization initiatives

  • Combine PCF transparency regulations with other market steering measures

  • Internationally align carbon emission calculation methodologies

  • Investigate the effects of PCF declarations on market choices

  • Understand market conditions during the transition to carbon neutrality

P2: Carbon pricing
  • Engage in internationally harmonized carbon accounting methodologies

  • Advocate for policies that support profitability for small enterprises with limited capital

  • Ensure the carbon budget attached to carbon pricing is not a measure of protectionism

  • Align pricing measures internationally and consider effects on emerging economies

  • Introduce carbon pricing policies with considerations for carbon-reduced alternatives

  • Research carbon budget pricing implementation mechanisms for the manufacturing industry

  • Analyze international markets' alignment with pricing measures, including effects on emerging economies

  • Investigate social compensatory systems within the EU

P3: Carbon-neutrality incentives
  • Evaluate the impact of public funding on research and development for industrial decarbonization

  • Address short-term uncertainties with incentives to foster decarbonization. technology commercialization

  • Focus on long-term decarbonization opportunities through developed technologies

  • Combine carbon-neutral incentives (e.g. subsidies) with financial steering methods

  • Ensure fair and accurate allocation of financial support

  • Prevent negative market influences when implementing carbon neutrality incentives

  • Design allocation methods for fair distribution to ensure maximum SC decarbonization

  • Investigate criteria for short-term financial incentives that ensure long-term effectiveness

P4: CE regulation
  • Support the development of a CE for resource conservation

  • Invest in efficient recycling technologies to reduce PCFs

  • Explore new economic business opportunities within CE practices (9-R strategies)

  • Recognize that recycling quotas may not be universally applicable

  • Combine CE regulations with incentives, market education, and best practices

  • Emphasize the importance of networks for effective CE impact

  • Discuss regulations for different materials and use cases in CE strategies

  • Explore potential technological advancements in material recycling

P5: Nonfossil electricity
  • Expand the purchase of electricity based on renewable energies

  • Increase electrification of diverse processes in industries to reduce Scope 1 emissions

  • Promote on-site energy production for sustainability

  • Research and advance renewable energy production to enhance efficiencies

  • Focus on widespread adoption of nonfossil energy markets and emphasize renewable energies

  • Incentivize adoption while supporting energy storage solutions

  • Consider potential drawbacks, including waste from nuclear power plants

  • Investigate emissions and environmental impact of nonfossil-based energy solutions, such as nuclear power

  • Explore ways to further reduce energy demand in industrial processes through industrial-energy synergies

  • Research the alignment of EU industries' energy demand with local, renewable energy production, including energy storage and grid implementation issues

P6: Carbon-neutral investments
  • Strive for international alignment in capital markets for collective decarbonization goals

  • Consider differentiated rules for emerging markets that lack financial resources

  • Engage in internationally harmonized carbon accounting methodologies

  • Engage on common decarbonization goals with regulatory bodies within the international financial markets

  • Address financial inequality in emerging markets by adopting climate rules and strategies

  • Investigate international financial markets' alignment on common decarbonization goals and strategies

  • Consider the financial disparities in emerging markets and their adoption of climate rules

P7: Carbon-adjusted interest rates
  • Engage in initiatives that support international carbon emission calculation standardization

  • Develop systems that account for a firm’s size and financial situation

  • Strive for internationally aligned carbon-adjusted interest rate policies

  • Consider effects on border adjustment mechanisms

  • Consider effects on hard-to-abate sectors

  • Analyze the impact of carbon-adjusted interest rates on companies based on size, business model, and financial situation

P8: B2B customers pay for carbon neutrality
  • Maximize customer adoption with willingness to pay a premium for decarbonized products that transform the business model

  • Establish a combination of market steering methods that benefit low-carbon products

  • Research market steering methods that support companies that offer low-carbon products

  • Investigate how the international market can adjust through carbon border adjustment mechanisms

P9: CO2 data sharing
  • Share carbon emission data along the entire value chain for collective insights

  • Engage with Tier-N SC actors for increased carbon emission data

  • Provide training on decarbonization and digitalization for efficient carbon emission data-exchange platforms

  • Incentivize emission data sharing through policies

  • Promote international engagement on common carbon accounting methodologies

  • Minimize bureaucratic efforts for small and medium-sized companies in emission data accounting while offering public education

  • Investigate emission data quality standards concerning primary carbon emission data

  • Explore the integration of digital data ecosystems with high data quality and minimal bureaucratic effort

  • Examine data privacy considerations in digital emission-sharing networks

P10: New zero-carbon energy
  • Invest in the development of new sustainable energy sources

  • Increase the adoption of renewable energy

  • Support strategic long-term research projects for new sustainable energy sources

  • Investigate the applicability and scalability of diverse new sustainable energy sources, including nuclear fusion

  • Assess potential side effects of nuclear fusion on the environment and society

P11: CCS
  • Develop and commercialize CCS technology, especially for hard-to-abate sectors

  • Focus on simultaneous implementation of actual reduction measures

  • Publicly support CCS efficiency development through investments and subsidies

  • Research energy efficiency advancements, considering industry-wide collaboration models

P12: Zero-carbon logistics
  • Strategically invest in decarbonizing heavy-duty fleets and shipping infrastructure

  • Demand and invest in decarbonized fuels to generate market demand

  • Incentivize fleet decarbonization and decarbonized fuel development

  • Fund decentralized charging infrastructure, including local decarbonized energy supplies

  • Investigate decentralized energy storage applications for decarbonizing the charging infrastructure

  • Explore intersectoral energy coupling to advance the charging infrastructure for heavy-duty vehicles

Source: Authors’ own work

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