Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations
| Min | Max | Mean | SD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Product-Service Integration (PSI) | 1 | 5 | 3.43 | 1.17 |
| 2 | Honesty-Humility (H) | −1.93 | 1.37 | −0.04 | 0.60 |
| 3 | Emotionality (E) | −1.73 | 1.77 | −0.03 | 0.61 |
| 4 | eXtraversion (X) | −2.25 | 1.35 | 0.01 | 0.55 |
| 5 | Agreeableness (A) | −2.00 | 1.80 | −0.02 | 0.54 |
| 6 | Conscientiousness (C) | −2.01 | 1.29 | 0.00 | 0.58 |
| 7 | Openness to Experience (O) | −1.98 | 1.72 | −0.01 | 0.63 |
| 8 | Causation (Cau) | −2.13 | 1.87 | 0.05 | 0.87 |
| 9 | Experimentation (Exp) | −1.85 | 2.15 | 0.01 | 0.93 |
| 10 | Affordable Loss (Aff) | −2.51 | 1.49 | 0.04 | 0.99 |
| 11 | Flexibility (Fle) | −2.95 | 1.05 | 0.03 | 0.62 |
| 12 | Pre-Commitments Intensity (PCI) | −1.65 | 2.35 | 0.02 | 1.10 |
| 13 | Pre-Commitments Advantages (PCA) | −1.92 | 2.08 | −0.06 | 1.04 |
| 14 | Age | 20 | 70 | 42.97 | 9.05 |
| 15 | Gender (Gen) | 1 | 2 | 1.26 | 0.44 |
| 16 | Education (Edu) | 2 | 6 | 3.91 | 0.87 |
| 17 | Company Age (C_Age) | 0.08 | 90.90 | 17.42 | 13.44 |
| 18 | Size | 1 | 6 | 1.90 | 1.03 |
| 19 | Product-Service Orientation (PSO) | 1 | 5 | 2.94 | 1.15 |
| 20 | NACE - C. Manufacturing (N_Man) | 0 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.37 |
| 21 | NACE - F. Construction (N_Con) | 0 | 1 | 0.14 | 0.34 |
| 22 | NACE - G. Wholesale and Retail Trade (N_Who) | 0 | 1 | 0.33 | 0.47 |
| 23 | NACE - M. Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities (N_Pro) | 0 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.32 |
| Min | Max | Mean | SD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Product-Service Integration (PSI) | 1 | 5 | 3.43 | 1.17 |
| 2 | Honesty-Humility (H) | −1.93 | 1.37 | −0.04 | 0.60 |
| 3 | Emotionality (E) | −1.73 | 1.77 | −0.03 | 0.61 |
| 4 | eXtraversion (X) | −2.25 | 1.35 | 0.01 | 0.55 |
| 5 | Agreeableness (A) | −2.00 | 1.80 | −0.02 | 0.54 |
| 6 | Conscientiousness (C) | −2.01 | 1.29 | 0.00 | 0.58 |
| 7 | Openness to Experience (O) | −1.98 | 1.72 | −0.01 | 0.63 |
| 8 | Causation (Cau) | −2.13 | 1.87 | 0.05 | 0.87 |
| 9 | Experimentation (Exp) | −1.85 | 2.15 | 0.01 | 0.93 |
| 10 | Affordable Loss (Aff) | −2.51 | 1.49 | 0.04 | 0.99 |
| 11 | Flexibility (Fle) | −2.95 | 1.05 | 0.03 | 0.62 |
| 12 | Pre-Commitments Intensity (PCI) | −1.65 | 2.35 | 0.02 | 1.10 |
| 13 | Pre-Commitments Advantages (PCA) | −1.92 | 2.08 | −0.06 | 1.04 |
| 14 | Age | 20 | 70 | 42.97 | 9.05 |
| 15 | Gender (Gen) | 1 | 2 | 1.26 | 0.44 |
| 16 | Education (Edu) | 2 | 6 | 3.91 | 0.87 |
| 17 | Company Age (C_Age) | 0.08 | 90.90 | 17.42 | 13.44 |
| 18 | Size | 1 | 6 | 1.90 | 1.03 |
| 19 | Product-Service Orientation (PSO) | 1 | 5 | 2.94 | 1.15 |
| 20 | NACE - C. Manufacturing (N_Man) | 0 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.37 |
| 21 | NACE - F. Construction (N_Con) | 0 | 1 | 0.14 | 0.34 |
| 22 | NACE - G. Wholesale and Retail Trade (N_Who) | 0 | 1 | 0.33 | 0.47 |
| 23 | NACE - M. Professional, Scientific and Technical Activities (N_Pro) | 0 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.32 |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PSI | 1 | |||||||||||
| 2 | H | −0.01 | 1 | ||||||||||
| 3 | E | −0.08† | 0.07 | 1 | |||||||||
| 4 | X | 0.18** | 0.01 | −0.17** | 1 | ||||||||
| 5 | A | 0.02 | 0.31** | −0.16** | 0.19** | 1 | |||||||
| 6 | C | 0.14** | 0.14** | 0.06 | 0.09† | −0.07 | 1 | ||||||
| 7 | O | −0.02 | 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.13* | 0.09† | 0.02 | 1 | |||||
| 8 | Cau | 0.36** | −0.08† | −0.01 | 0.18** | −0.06 | 0.18** | 0.03 | 1 | ||||
| 9 | Exp | 0.36** | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.11* | 0.43** | 1 | |||
| 10 | Aff | 0.08† | 0.06 | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.12* | 0.13* | 0.02 | 0.19** | 0.14** | 1 | ||
| 11 | Fle | 0.22** | 0.07 | −0.05 | 0.16** | 0.10† | 0.10* | 0.10* | 0.19** | 0.18** | 0.33** | 1 | |
| 12 | PCI | 0.03 | −0.20** | −0.12* | 0.08† | −0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.14** | 0.18** | 0.10* | 0.12* | 1 |
| 13 | PCA | 0.28** | −0.12* | −0.02 | 0.27** | −0.04 | 0.05 | 0.17** | 0.32** | 0.26** | 0.13* | 0.14** | 0.20** |
| 14 | Age | 0.06 | 0.27** | −0.04 | 0.05 | 0.21** | 0.12* | 0.11* | 0.01 | 0.11* | 0.08† | 0.07 | −0.03 |
| 15 | Gen | −0.02 | 0.24** | 0.48** | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.08† | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.06 | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.15** |
| 16 | Edu | −0.15** | 0.08† | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.17** | 0.01 | −0.16** | 0.13* | 0.05 | −0.02 |
| 17 | C_Age | −0.05 | 0.18** | −0.02 | −0.23** | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.06 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.00 | −0.15** | 0.00 |
| 18 | Size | −0.02 | −0.05 | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.04 | −0.11* | −0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.11* | 0.07 |
| 19 | PSO | 0.03 | −0.14** | 0.03 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.08† | 0.05 | −0.01 | 0.11* | 0.12* | 0.11* |
| 20 | N_Man | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.05 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.07 | 0.10* | 0.06 | −0.03 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.04 |
| 21 | N_Con | −0.05 | −0.03 | −0.09† | 0.08† | 0.03 | 0.00 | −0.05 | −0.08† | −0.04 | −0.05 | −0.07 | 0.04 |
| 22 | N_Who | 0.10* | 0.12* | 0.09† | −0.07 | −0.01 | 0.07 | −0.13* | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.09† | −0.12* | −0.01 |
| 23 | N_Pro | −0.15** | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.11* | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.17** | 0.03 | −0.12* | 0.16** | 0.09† | −0.02 |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PSI | 1 | |||||||||||
| 2 | H | −0.01 | 1 | ||||||||||
| 3 | E | −0.08† | 0.07 | 1 | |||||||||
| 4 | X | 0.18** | 0.01 | −0.17** | 1 | ||||||||
| 5 | A | 0.02 | 0.31** | −0.16** | 0.19** | 1 | |||||||
| 6 | C | 0.14** | 0.14** | 0.06 | 0.09† | −0.07 | 1 | ||||||
| 7 | O | −0.02 | 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.13* | 0.09† | 0.02 | 1 | |||||
| 8 | Cau | 0.36** | −0.08† | −0.01 | 0.18** | −0.06 | 0.18** | 0.03 | 1 | ||||
| 9 | Exp | 0.36** | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.11* | 0.43** | 1 | |||
| 10 | Aff | 0.08† | 0.06 | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.12* | 0.13* | 0.02 | 0.19** | 0.14** | 1 | ||
| 11 | Fle | 0.22** | 0.07 | −0.05 | 0.16** | 0.10† | 0.10* | 0.10* | 0.19** | 0.18** | 0.33** | 1 | |
| 12 | PCI | 0.03 | −0.20** | −0.12* | 0.08† | −0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.14** | 0.18** | 0.10* | 0.12* | 1 |
| 13 | PCA | 0.28** | −0.12* | −0.02 | 0.27** | −0.04 | 0.05 | 0.17** | 0.32** | 0.26** | 0.13* | 0.14** | 0.20** |
| 14 | Age | 0.06 | 0.27** | −0.04 | 0.05 | 0.21** | 0.12* | 0.11* | 0.01 | 0.11* | 0.08† | 0.07 | −0.03 |
| 15 | Gen | −0.02 | 0.24** | 0.48** | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.08† | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.06 | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.15** |
| 16 | Edu | −0.15** | 0.08† | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.17** | 0.01 | −0.16** | 0.13* | 0.05 | −0.02 |
| 17 | C_Age | −0.05 | 0.18** | −0.02 | −0.23** | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.06 | −0.04 | −0.03 | 0.00 | −0.15** | 0.00 |
| 18 | Size | −0.02 | −0.05 | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.04 | −0.11* | −0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 | −0.04 | −0.11* | 0.07 |
| 19 | PSO | 0.03 | −0.14** | 0.03 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.08† | 0.05 | −0.01 | 0.11* | 0.12* | 0.11* |
| 20 | N_Man | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.05 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.07 | 0.10* | 0.06 | −0.03 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.04 |
| 21 | N_Con | −0.05 | −0.03 | −0.09† | 0.08† | 0.03 | 0.00 | −0.05 | −0.08† | −0.04 | −0.05 | −0.07 | 0.04 |
| 22 | N_Who | 0.10* | 0.12* | 0.09† | −0.07 | −0.01 | 0.07 | −0.13* | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.09† | −0.12* | −0.01 |
| 23 | N_Pro | −0.15** | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.11* | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.17** | 0.03 | −0.12* | 0.16** | 0.09† | −0.02 |
| 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13 | PCA | 1 | ||||||||||
| 14 | Age | 0.01 | 1 | |||||||||
| 15 | Gen | −0.01 | −0.07 | 1 | ||||||||
| 16 | Edu | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.13* | 1 | |||||||
| 17 | C_Age | −0.06 | 0.16** | −0.06 | −0.01 | 1 | ||||||
| 18 | Size | 0.01 | 0.06 | −0.21** | 0.01 | 0.30** | 1 | |||||
| 19 | PSO | 0.07 | −0.13* | 0.04 | 0.10* | −0.26** | 0.02 | 1 | ||||
| 20 | N_Man | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.08† | 0.02 | 0.10* | 0.17** | −0.36** | 1 | |||
| 21 | N_Con | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.15** | −0.16** | 0.02 | 0.10* | −0.03 | −0.18** | 1 | ||
| 22 | N_Who | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.17** | −0.08† | 0.17** | −0.15** | −0.25** | −0.31** | −0.28** | 1 | |
| 23 | N_Pro | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.08† | 0.30** | −0.19** | −0.10* | 0.37** | −0.16** | −0.14** | −0.25** | 1 |
| 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13 | PCA | 1 | ||||||||||
| 14 | Age | 0.01 | 1 | |||||||||
| 15 | Gen | −0.01 | −0.07 | 1 | ||||||||
| 16 | Edu | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.13* | 1 | |||||||
| 17 | C_Age | −0.06 | 0.16** | −0.06 | −0.01 | 1 | ||||||
| 18 | Size | 0.01 | 0.06 | −0.21** | 0.01 | 0.30** | 1 | |||||
| 19 | PSO | 0.07 | −0.13* | 0.04 | 0.10* | −0.26** | 0.02 | 1 | ||||
| 20 | N_Man | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.08† | 0.02 | 0.10* | 0.17** | −0.36** | 1 | |||
| 21 | N_Con | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.15** | −0.16** | 0.02 | 0.10* | −0.03 | −0.18** | 1 | ||
| 22 | N_Who | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.17** | −0.08† | 0.17** | −0.15** | −0.25** | −0.31** | −0.28** | 1 | |
| 23 | N_Pro | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.08† | 0.30** | −0.19** | −0.10* | 0.37** | −0.16** | −0.14** | −0.25** | 1 |
Note(s): N = 303. Correlations significant at the 0.10 level (2-tailed) are marked by †, at the 0.05 level by *, and at the 0.01 level by **
Source(s): Authors’ own work
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