Table A1. Sources of information used in... | Emerald Publishing

Table A1.

Sources of information used in questionnaire construction

Factor	Dimension	Items	Sources
Positive tourism impacts	Economic opportunities in tourism	Tourism has increased job opportunities for the residents of this village Tourism is useful for promoting local products Tourism attracts more investment to this village	Modified from: Perdue et al. (1990) Lankford and Howard (1994) McGehee and Andereck (2004) Huh and Vogt (2008)
	Positive economic impacts	Tourism has increased the quality of life of the residents Tourism has given economic benefits to small businesses Most of the money earned from tourism in this village ends up going to non-village/province companies Non-resident owned business are beneficial for the village’s tourist industry	Adopted from: Belisle and Hoy (1980) Haralambopoulos and Pizam (1996) Lankford and Howard (1994) Liu and Var (1986). Milman and Pizam (1988) Pizam (1978)
	Economic dependence on tourism	My job is closely related to the tourism industry My household income is closely tied to the tourism industry	Adopted from: Perdue et al. (1990) McGehee and Andereck (2004)
	Positive socio-cultural impacts	Tourism has encouraged residents “participation in cultural heritage activities (i.e. crafts, arts and music)” Tourism has increased (name of village) cultural heritage identity Quality of life of the residents has improved because of tourism facilities/settings	Adopted from: Cooper et al. (2008) Liu and Var (1986) Lankford and Howard (1994) Liu and Var (1986) Milman and Pizam (1988) Pizam (1978)
	Positive environmental impacts	Tourism has increased our awareness of protection for cultural heritage resources Tourism has made transport more accessible in this village Tourism provides incentive for the restoration and conservation of ancient houses	Adopted from: Liu, et al. (1987) Liu and Var (1986) McCool and Martin (1994)
Negative tourism impacts	Negative economic impacts	Tourism creates more jobs for foreigners than for local people in this village Tourism has increased the inequality of economic gain (income) among residents	Modified from: Perdue et al. (1990) Lankford and Howard (1994) McGehee and Andereck (2004) Lindberg and Johnson (1997)
	Negative socio-cultural impacts	Tourism has increased prostitution in this village Tourism has reduced local safety and security in this village. Tourism has overused the resources of this village	Adopted from: Dogan (1989) King and Stewart (1996)
	Negative environmental impacts	Tourism has caused more traffic congestion and parking problems in the village. Tourism has caused more litter and pollution in the village The construction of tourism facilities has destroyed the ancient features of the village	Adopted from: Liu et al. (1987) Liu and Var (1986) McCool and Martin (1994)
Place meanings	Ancestral identity	This village is a special place for my family I feel a sense of connection to my ancestors “Returning to their roots” is an important Chinese philosophy that I want my child to live by Many important family memories are tied to this village	Adopted from: Moore and Graefe (1994) Williams et al. (1992)
	Continuity	This village is important because it represents the historical and cultural value of the place It is important that the wisdom, traditions and residents’ way of life in this village is passed on to future generations This place will allow future generations to know and experience the village as they are now	Adopted from: Gustafson (2001)
	Individual and community identity	I am myself when I am in this village I take great pride being a resident of this village. I identify strongly with this village. There is a sense of community togetherness in this village	Adopted from: Manzo (2005) Williams and Patterson (1999) Smith et al. (2011)
	Economy	This place contributes to Huangshan city’s economy This village provides a stable economy for the residents	Adopted from: Smith et al. (2011)
	Historical legacy	This village is special because it was built during the Ming and Qing dynasties This village protects and preserves the distinct ancient features which Huizhou architecture Huangshan city is known for- and interesting landscapes	Adopted from: Gunderson and Watson (2007)
	Nature	The view in this village is beautiful (i.e. distinctive Huizhou architecture, mountains, lake/pond) This village has inherent value because it is part of the natural environment This village contributes to the conservation of natural resources like water and air quality	Adopted from: Eisenhauer et al. (2000) Kyle and Chick (2007) Gunderson and Watson (2007) Wynveen et al. (2012)
	Negative place meanings	There is no resident's control over tourism management in this village It is a terrible feeling to live in this village because the residents are not friendly This place is merely a place to do business	Adopted from: Wynveen, Kyle and Sutton (2012)
Resident attitudes towards tourism development	Resident support and encouragement for tourism	I support tourism and would like to see it become an important part of this village Tourism activities should be more encouraged in this village My village should become more of a tourist destination (for Nanping group)	Modified from: Perdue et al. (1990) Lankford and Howard (1994) McGehee and Andereck (2004)
	Optimistic attitude towards tourism development	The positive impacts outweigh the negative impacts of tourism upon the residents of this village The positive impacts outweigh the negative impacts of tourism upon the entire residents of Huangshan city	Modified from: Perdue et al. (1990) Lankford and Howard (1994) McGehee and Andereck (2004)
	Resident attitudes on tourism control and development	It is important to develop long-term plans by city officials to manage the growth of tourism in this village Non-residents should be allowed to develop tourist attractions in this area. The residents should have a control on the tourism development	Adopted from: Perdue et al. (1990) Lankford and Howard (1994)
	Non-supportive resident attitudes towards tourism	I am against new tourism facilities which will attract more tourists to our village The city government should not support the promotion of tourism in this village Tourism benefits a small group of people in this village	Adopted from: Perdue et al. (1990) Lankford and Howard (1994)

Factor	Dimension	Items	Sources
Positive tourism impacts	Economic opportunities in tourism	Tourism has increased job opportunities for the residents of this villageTourism is useful for promoting local productsTourism attracts more investment to this village	Modified from:Perdue et al. (1990)Lankford and Howard (1994)McGehee and Andereck (2004)Huh and Vogt (2008)
	Positive economic impacts	Tourism has increased the quality of life of the residentsTourism has given economic benefits to small businessesMost of the money earned from tourism in this village ends up going to non-village/province companiesNon-resident owned business are beneficial for the village’s tourist industry	Adopted from:Belisle and Hoy (1980)Haralambopoulos and Pizam (1996)Lankford and Howard (1994)Liu and Var (1986).Milman and Pizam (1988)Pizam (1978)
	Economic dependence on tourism	My job is closely related to the tourism industryMy household income is closely tied to the tourism industry	Adopted from:Perdue et al. (1990)McGehee and Andereck (2004)
	Positive socio-cultural impacts	Tourism has encouraged residents “participation in cultural heritage activities (i.e. crafts, arts and music)”Tourism has increased (name of village) cultural heritage identityQuality of life of the residents has improved because of tourism facilities/settings	Adopted from:Cooper et al. (2008)Liu and Var (1986)Lankford and Howard (1994)Liu and Var (1986)Milman and Pizam (1988)Pizam (1978)
	Positive environmental impacts	Tourism has increased our awareness of protection for cultural heritage resourcesTourism has made transport more accessible in this villageTourism provides incentive for the restoration and conservation of ancient houses	Adopted from:Liu, et al. (1987)Liu and Var (1986)McCool and Martin (1994)
Negative tourism impacts	Negative economic impacts	Tourism creates more jobs for foreigners than for local people in this villageTourism has increased the inequality of economic gain (income) among residents	Modified from:Perdue et al. (1990)Lankford and Howard (1994)McGehee and Andereck (2004)Lindberg and Johnson (1997)
	Negative socio-cultural impacts	Tourism has increased prostitution in this villageTourism has reduced local safety and security in this village.Tourism has overused the resources of this village	Adopted from:Dogan (1989)King and Stewart (1996)
	Negative environmental impacts	Tourism has caused more traffic congestion and parking problems in the village.Tourism has caused more litter and pollution in the villageThe construction of tourism facilities has destroyed the ancient features of the village	Adopted from:Liu et al. (1987)Liu and Var (1986)McCool and Martin (1994)
Place meanings	Ancestral identity	This village is a special place for my familyI feel a sense of connection to my ancestors“Returning to their roots” is an important Chinese philosophy that I want my child to live byMany important family memories are tied to this village	Adopted from:Moore and Graefe (1994)Williams et al. (1992)
	Continuity	This village is important because it represents the historical and cultural value of the placeIt is important that the wisdom, traditions and residents’ way of life in this village is passed on to future generationsThis place will allow future generations to know and experience the village as they are now	Adopted from:Gustafson (2001)
	Individual and community identity	I am myself when I am in this villageI take great pride being a resident of this village.I identify strongly with this village.There is a sense of community togetherness in this village	Adopted from:Manzo (2005)Williams and Patterson (1999)Smith et al. (2011)
	Economy	This place contributes to Huangshan city’s economyThis village provides a stable economy for the residents	Adopted from:Smith et al. (2011)
	Historicallegacy	This village is special because it was built during the Ming and Qing dynastiesThis village protects and preserves the distinct ancient features which Huizhou architecture Huangshan city is known for- and interesting landscapes	Adopted from:Gunderson and Watson (2007)
	Nature	The view in this village is beautiful (i.e. distinctive Huizhou architecture, mountains, lake/pond)This village has inherent value because it is part of the natural environmentThis village contributes to the conservation of natural resources like water and air quality	Adopted from:Eisenhauer et al. (2000)Kyle and Chick (2007)Gunderson and Watson (2007)Wynveen et al. (2012)
	Negative place meanings	There is no resident's control over tourism management in this villageIt is a terrible feeling to live in this village because the residents are not friendlyThis place is merely a place to do business	Adopted from:Wynveen, Kyle and Sutton (2012)
Resident attitudes towards tourism development	Resident support and encouragement for tourism	I support tourism and would like to see it become an important part of this villageTourism activities should be more encouraged in this villageMy village should become more of a tourist destination (for Nanping group)	Modified from:Perdue et al. (1990)Lankford and Howard (1994)McGehee and Andereck (2004)
	Optimistic attitude towards tourism development	The positive impacts outweigh the negative impacts of tourism upon the residents of this villageThe positive impacts outweigh the negative impacts of tourism upon the entire residents of Huangshan city	Modified from:Perdue et al. (1990)Lankford and Howard (1994)McGehee and Andereck (2004)
	Resident attitudes on tourism control and development	It is important to develop long-term plans by city officials to manage the growth of tourism in this villageNon-residents should be allowed to develop tourist attractions in this area.The residents should have a control on the tourism development	Adopted from:Perdue et al. (1990)Lankford and Howard (1994)
	Non-supportive resident attitudes towards tourism	I am against new tourism facilities which will attract more tourists to our villageThe city government should not support the promotion of tourism in this villageTourism benefits a small group of people in this village	Adopted from:Perdue et al. (1990)Lankford and Howard (1994)

Source: From the authors’ work