Table 1

Overview of the case studies

Case studyBusiness areaCase descriptionSizeCountryKey informant (experience in years)Interview (minutes)Technology adopted
1Fruits and vegetable processingThe firm processes bio and local fruits to produce pulps, smoothies, juices, and vegetable products such as tofu, tempeh, and seitanMedium-sizeHungaryCEO (20)72Smart Packaging (RFID tags and QR codes)
2Organic farmThe firm produces and commercialises citrus fruits, kiwis, jams, marmalade, and juicesSmallItalyCEO (8)35Mobile applications and online shop
3Olive oil productionA cooperative firm that produces various extra virgin olive oilLargeItalyIT Specialist (11)38IoT, cloud computing
4Dairy productionThe firm specialises in dairy production, agricultural, and cow breeding sectors. It integrates the main activities with the production of raw materials and transforms sewage into electricityMedium-sizeHungaryR&D (15)51IoT, cloud Computing, and analytics
5Dairy productionA cooperative firm of shepherds that transforms and distributes cow milk obtained from the members’ farmsMedium-sizeItalyDirecting Manager (6)45Supply chain management systems
6Poultry productsThe firm handles the whole integrated production cycle the raw materials selection, breeding units, vivarium, feeding plants, food processing, packaging, and commercialisationLargeItalyDigital transformation specialists (18)59IoT, AI, analytics, and supply chain management systems, QR codes
7Fresh pastaThe firm produces fresh pasta for organised large-scale distributionSmallHungaryCEO (5)37Cloud computing, data analytics platforms
8Dry pasta and rusks productionThe firm specialises in producing numerous categories and shapes of dry pasta and biscuitsSmallItalyProduction Manager (9)55IoT, analytics, and production management systems

Source(s): Authors’ own elaboration

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