Table 3 Descriptive statistics of...

Table 3

Descriptive statistics of variables (N = 504)^a

Variable	Unit	Mean	Std. Dev
Moderate or severe food insecurity^b	Decimal	0.21	0.41
Food insecurity score^c	Decimal	0.17	0.20
Region (reference: Dubai)
Abu Dhabi	Dummy variable	0.14	0.35
Sharjah	Dummy variable	0.19	0.39
Ajman	Dummy variable	0.07	0.25
Others (the other three emirates)	Dummy variable	0.05	0.22
Age	Years	49.80	9.03
Expat	1 = Expat; 0 = Emirati	0.90	0.29
Education	Three categories	2.63	0.57
Number of adults (15–59 Years old)	Number	3.23	1.64
Number of children	Number	2.70	1.47
Number of elderlies	Number	0.79	0.80
Food purchasing place	Three categories	1.16	0.48
Income	Scale 1–5	1.45	0.67
Expenditure	Scale 1–7	2.64	0.94
Main source of livelihood (reference: private sector)
Public sector employment	Dummy variable	0.07	0.25
Own business	Dummy variable	0.27	0.45
Daily labour	Dummy variable	0.15	0.36
Agriculture	Dummy variable	0.02	0.15
COVID-19-related variables: The pandemic
Reduced financial access to food	Scale 1–7	4.25	1.93
Reduced physical access to food	Scale 1–7	4.44	1.52
Led to job loss	1 = Yes; 0 = No	0.59	0.49
Led to increased food price	Scale 1–7	4.23	1.52
Exposed to unsafe food	Scale 1–7	4.26	2.15
Led to increased domestic violence	Scale 1–7	3.64	2.13
Coping strategies raised COVID-19 exposure	Scale 1–7	4.03	1.81
Coping strategies to COVID-induced food insecurity
Ate cheaper food	Scale 1–7	4.63	1.41
Reduced diet diversity	Scale 1–7	3.64	2.02
Ate less nutritious food	Scale 1–7	3.82	2.12
Ate less-preferred food items	1 = Yes; 0 = No	0.32	0.47
Spent savings on food	1 = Yes; 0 = No	0.28	0.45
Borrowed food/money from friends/relatives	1 = Yes; 0 = No	0.18	0.38
Sold household assets	1 = Yes; 0 = No	0.11	0.31

Variable	Unit	Mean	Std. Dev
Moderate or severe food insecurity^b	Decimal	0.21	0.41
Food insecurity score^c	Decimal	0.17	0.20
Region (reference: Dubai)
Abu Dhabi	Dummy variable	0.14	0.35
Sharjah	Dummy variable	0.19	0.39
Ajman	Dummy variable	0.07	0.25
Others (the other three emirates)	Dummy variable	0.05	0.22
Age	Years	49.80	9.03
Expat	1 = Expat; 0 = Emirati	0.90	0.29
Education	Three categories	2.63	0.57
Number of adults (15–59 Years old)	Number	3.23	1.64
Number of children	Number	2.70	1.47
Number of elderlies	Number	0.79	0.80
Food purchasing place	Three categories	1.16	0.48
Income	Scale 1–5	1.45	0.67
Expenditure	Scale 1–7	2.64	0.94
Main source of livelihood (reference: private sector)
Public sector employment	Dummy variable	0.07	0.25
Own business	Dummy variable	0.27	0.45
Daily labour	Dummy variable	0.15	0.36
Agriculture	Dummy variable	0.02	0.15
COVID-19-related variables: The pandemic
Reduced financial access to food	Scale 1–7	4.25	1.93
Reduced physical access to food	Scale 1–7	4.44	1.52
Led to job loss	1 = Yes; 0 = No	0.59	0.49
Led to increased food price	Scale 1–7	4.23	1.52
Exposed to unsafe food	Scale 1–7	4.26	2.15
Led to increased domestic violence	Scale 1–7	3.64	2.13
Coping strategies raised COVID-19 exposure	Scale 1–7	4.03	1.81
Coping strategies to COVID-induced food insecurity
Ate cheaper food	Scale 1–7	4.63	1.41
Reduced diet diversity	Scale 1–7	3.64	2.02
Ate less nutritious food	Scale 1–7	3.82	2.12
Ate less-preferred food items	1 = Yes; 0 = No	0.32	0.47
Spent savings on food	1 = Yes; 0 = No	0.28	0.45
Borrowed food/money from friends/relatives	1 = Yes; 0 = No	0.18	0.38
Sold household assets	1 = Yes; 0 = No	0.11	0.31

Note(s): ^aRefer to Table 2 for the description of variables and measurement

^bA household is moderately or severely food insecure if the sum of the affirmative responses is equal to or above 4 (i.e. the moderate or severe FIES-GSS threshold, see Section 3.2 below)

^cFood insecurity score refers to the weighted average of the affirmative responses to the 8-item FIES questions (i.e. derived by following Equation (3), see Section 3.3.1 below)

Source(s): Authors' work

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