Table 5 Truncated regression estimation...

Table 5

Truncated regression estimation results for the determinants of household-level food insecurity

Food insecurity score	Coefficient	Bootstrap SE^a	95% CI
Region (reference: Dubai)
Sharjah	−0.103***	0.040	−0.181	−0.024
Abu Dhabi	−0.020	0.051	−0.120	0.080
Ajman	−0.164***	0.059	−0.279	−0.049
Others^b	−0.068	0.061	−0.188	0.053
Main source of livelihood (Ref.: Private sector)
Public sector employment	−0.112*	0.067	−0.244	0.020
Agriculture	−0.077	0.090	−0.253	0.100
Daily labour	0.187***	0.053	0.083	0.291
Own business	−0.072	0.048	−0.165	0.022
Expat	0.042	0.138	−0.229	0.313
Number of children (0–14 Years old)	−0.002	0.009	−0.021	0.016
Number of adults (15–59 Years old)	−0.011	0.009	−0.027	0.006
Number of elderlies (≥60 Years old)	0.041**	0.018	0.005	0.077
Age	−0.001	0.001	−0.003	0.002
Education	−0.079***	0.029	−0.135	−0.023
Food purchasing place	−0.002	0.033	−0.066	0.063
Income	−0.095***	0.030	−0.154	−0.035
Expenditure	0.014	0.015	−0.014	0.043
COVID-19-related variables
Limited financial access	0.003	0.010	−0.016	0.022
Disruption in access to food outlets	0.017**	0.009	0.000	0.035
Job loss	0.081***	0.032	0.019	0.144
Risk of COVID-exposure	−0.012	0.009	−0.029	0.006
Food price increase	−0.013	0.010	−0.033	0.008
Exposed to unsafe food	0.005	0.010	−0.015	0.025
Increased domestic violence	−0.007	0.010	−0.027	0.012
Coping strategy to COVID-19-induced food insecurity
Ate cheaper food	−0.042	0.043	−0.126	0.041
Ate less preferred food	0.045*	0.028	−0.009	0.099
Reduced diet diversity	−0.048***	0.015	−0.076	−0.019
Ate less nutritious food	0.035***	0.013	0.009	0.061
Spent saving	−0.015	0.028	−0.069	0.039
Borrowed food/money from friends/relatives	−0.010	0.035	−0.079	0.059
Sold assets	−0.013	0.037	−0.086	0.060
Constant	0.528***	0.202	0.132	0.923
Error component and model fit
Sigma	0.168***	0.011	0.145	0.190
Log likelihood	241.890
Wald χ² (31)	305.940***
Number of observations	331.000

Food insecurity score	Coefficient	Bootstrap SE^a	95% CI
Region (reference: Dubai)
Sharjah	−0.103***	0.040	−0.181	−0.024
Abu Dhabi	−0.020	0.051	−0.120	0.080
Ajman	−0.164***	0.059	−0.279	−0.049
Others^b	−0.068	0.061	−0.188	0.053
Main source of livelihood (Ref.: Private sector)
Public sector employment	−0.112*	0.067	−0.244	0.020
Agriculture	−0.077	0.090	−0.253	0.100
Daily labour	0.187***	0.053	0.083	0.291
Own business	−0.072	0.048	−0.165	0.022
Expat	0.042	0.138	−0.229	0.313
Number of children (0–14 Years old)	−0.002	0.009	−0.021	0.016
Number of adults (15–59 Years old)	−0.011	0.009	−0.027	0.006
Number of elderlies (≥60 Years old)	0.041**	0.018	0.005	0.077
Age	−0.001	0.001	−0.003	0.002
Education	−0.079***	0.029	−0.135	−0.023
Food purchasing place	−0.002	0.033	−0.066	0.063
Income	−0.095***	0.030	−0.154	−0.035
Expenditure	0.014	0.015	−0.014	0.043
COVID-19-related variables
Limited financial access	0.003	0.010	−0.016	0.022
Disruption in access to food outlets	0.017**	0.009	0.000	0.035
Job loss	0.081***	0.032	0.019	0.144
Risk of COVID-exposure	−0.012	0.009	−0.029	0.006
Food price increase	−0.013	0.010	−0.033	0.008
Exposed to unsafe food	0.005	0.010	−0.015	0.025
Increased domestic violence	−0.007	0.010	−0.027	0.012
Coping strategy to COVID-19-induced food insecurity
Ate cheaper food	−0.042	0.043	−0.126	0.041
Ate less preferred food	0.045*	0.028	−0.009	0.099
Reduced diet diversity	−0.048***	0.015	−0.076	−0.019
Ate less nutritious food	0.035***	0.013	0.009	0.061
Spent saving	−0.015	0.028	−0.069	0.039
Borrowed food/money from friends/relatives	−0.010	0.035	−0.079	0.059
Sold assets	−0.013	0.037	−0.086	0.060
Constant	0.528***	0.202	0.132	0.923
Error component and model fit
Sigma	0.168***	0.011	0.145	0.190
Log likelihood	241.890
Wald χ² (31)	305.940***
Number of observations	331.000

Note(s): ^aEstimation based on 1,000 replications. ^bRefers to the other three emirates: Ras Al Khaimah, Fujairah and Umm Al-Quwain

***, **, * Significant at critical levels of 1, 5 and 10%, respectively

Source(s): Authors' work

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