Table 1 Why and how clusters (cluster... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Why and how clusters (cluster organisations) may matter for I4.0?

Impact	Research
The technological maturity of companies requires not only access to technology but the proper organisation and environment	Gillani et al. (2020), Mackiewicz and Pavelkova (2022)
Integration of advanced technologies into manufacturing processes can be done quickly in a conducive environment offering technological, entrepreneurial and government competencies; social competencies and the readiness of staff	Pelle et al. (2020), Naudé et al. (2019)
I4.0 as a consistent combination of both technological and business aspects, contingent on an enabling industrial ecosystem and policy regime; adaptation of significant disruptions such as I4.0 requires structure and agency for value creation and capture	Labory and Bianchi, (2021), Ortt et al. (2020)
Context; collaborative synergies; and network intermediaries; a critical mass of technologies but emerging new technological solutions must find an audience that can implement them	Baker et al. (2021), Russo et al. (2022)
Skills, investments, infrastructure, innovative capacity, entrepreneurship and collaboration – enabling conditions	Van de Velde et al. (2019). Radosevic, (2019)
Skilfully guided public policies; adoption of policy instruments; the network structure and government subsidy’s role in crossing the valley of death (transformation of scientific and technological achievements); clusters as organisational vehicles for the diffusion of innovation achievements	Teixeira and Tavares-Lehmann, (2022), Yin et al. (2022)
Boundaries between firms are blurring; traditional value chain configuration implies joint participation, increased attention to competition and cooperation	González-Torres et al. (2020)
Changing market needs and increasing pressure for innovation; geographical proximity and interaction with other companies and external agents; micro-geographic proximity for the formation of knowledge transfer relationships and different types of inter-organisational relationships: importance of the “neighbourhood effect”	Tavares et al. (2021), Ferretti et al. (2021)
Cognitive proximity between firms; collaboration between businesses and industries, an alternative inter-organisational network driven by competition and cooperation	Molina-Morales and Exposito-Langa, 2012, Yström and Aspenberg (2017), Strand et al. (2017)
The positive effects of agglomeration related to knowledge transfer; the use of highly specialised knowledge and the importance of social capital and local institutions	Capello and Lenzi, (2014) Belussi et al. (2010), Molina-Morales and Exposito-Langa, 2012, Ortega-Colomer et al. (2016)
Intermediaries in open innovation, mutual trust, compatibility, close cooperation and standard rules; overcoming barriers; raising awareness of industrial associations, business organisations and cluster initiatives as knowledge gatekeepers, transfer intermediaries and mediators of spontaneous diffusion	McPhillips (2020), Dyba and De Marchi (2022)

Impact	Research
The technological maturity of companies requires not only access to technology but the proper organisation and environment	Gillani et al. (2020), Mackiewicz and Pavelkova (2022)
Integration of advanced technologies into manufacturing processes can be done quickly in a conducive environment offering technological, entrepreneurial and government competencies; social competencies and the readiness of staff	Pelle et al. (2020),Naudé et al. (2019)
I4.0 as a consistent combination of both technological and business aspects, contingent on an enabling industrial ecosystem and policy regime;adaptation of significant disruptions such as I4.0 requires structure and agency for value creation and capture	Labory and Bianchi, (2021),Ortt et al. (2020)
Context; collaborative synergies; and network intermediaries; a critical mass of technologies but emerging new technological solutions must find an audience that can implement them	Baker et al. (2021), Russo et al. (2022)
Skills, investments, infrastructure, innovative capacity, entrepreneurship and collaboration – enabling conditions	Van de Velde et al. (2019).Radosevic, (2019)
Skilfully guided public policies; adoption of policy instruments; the network structure and government subsidy’s role in crossing the valley of death (transformation of scientific and technological achievements); clusters as organisational vehicles for the diffusion of innovation achievements	Teixeira and Tavares-Lehmann, (2022), Yin et al. (2022)
Boundaries between firms are blurring; traditional value chain configuration implies joint participation, increased attention to competition and cooperation	González-Torres et al. (2020)
Changing market needs and increasing pressure for innovation; geographical proximity and interaction with other companies and external agents; micro-geographic proximity for the formation of knowledge transfer relationships and different types of inter-organisational relationships: importance of the “neighbourhood effect”	Tavares et al. (2021), Ferretti et al. (2021)
Cognitive proximity between firms; collaboration between businesses and industries, an alternative inter-organisational network driven by competition and cooperation	Molina-Morales and Exposito-Langa, 2012,Yström and Aspenberg (2017),Strand et al. (2017)
The positive effects of agglomeration related to knowledge transfer; the use of highly specialised knowledge and the importance of social capital and local institutions	Capello and Lenzi, (2014)Belussi et al. (2010),Molina-Morales and Exposito-Langa, 2012,Ortega-Colomer et al. (2016)
Intermediaries in open innovation, mutual trust, compatibility, close cooperation and standard rules; overcoming barriers; raising awareness of industrial associations, business organisations and cluster initiatives as knowledge gatekeepers, transfer intermediaries and mediators of spontaneous diffusion	McPhillips (2020), Dyba and De Marchi (2022)

Source: Authors’ elaboration based on literature review