Business model components, variables, configuration options for 3D food printer manufacturers and an excerpt of the present study’s binary characteristic list
| Business model component | Variable no. | Business model variable | Description/Clarification and main sources | Configuration code | Configuration option | Configuration option no. | Company I | Company J | Company K |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value proposition | 1 | Deposition technique | 3D printing techniques applied to food processing (Godoi et al., 2016) | A | Soft-materials extrusion | 1A | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| B | Melting extrusion | 1B | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| C | Hydrogel-forming extrusion | 1C | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| D | Material jetting | 1D | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| E | Binder jetting | 1E | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| F | Selective laser sintering | 1F | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| G | Hot air sintering and melting | 1G | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| 2 | Print material type | Types of the raw food material used for printing (Wegrzyn et al., 2012) | A | Food paste | 2A | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| B | Powder/Granular | 2B | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| C | Solid/Pallet | 2C | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| 3 | Source of material | Origin of the food material bought in or prepared in-house (Wegrzyn et al., 2012) | A | Pre-packaged ingredients | 3A | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| B | Consumer-chosen/Prepared ingredients | 3B | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Value creation | 4 | Development path | 4A and 4B reflect the different natures of 3D food printers as they progress from being an application of non-food 3D printing technology into a class of their own (Authors) | A | Non-food printer that can print with food material | 4A | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| B | Dedicated food printer | 4B | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 5 | Intended value | Type of direct benefit expected from 3D-printed food (Mantihal et al., 2020) | A | Creative design | 5A | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| B | Personalized nutrition | 5B | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| C | Unique product texture | 5C | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| 6 | Key partnership | External co-operations used during the creation of value (Holzmann, 2019; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010) | A | Academic partners | 6A | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| B | Company partners | 6B | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||||
| C | Customer partners | 6C | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Value communication | 7 | Channel for communicating value | Only the main identified types of channels have been chosen as configuration options (Holzmann, 2019; Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010) | A | Press releases | 7A | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| B | Social media | 7B | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| C | Web page | 7C | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Value delivery | 8 | Customer segment and relationships | Targeted customer (Lipton et al., 2015) | A | Consumer-produced foods | 8A | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| B | Small-scale food production | 8B | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||||
| C | Industrial-scale food production | 8C | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||||
| 9 | Distribution channel | How the 3D food printer is distributed (Remane et al., 2017) | A | Retail shop | 9A | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| B | Webshop | 9B | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| C | Reseller/Distributor | 9C | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Value capture | 10 | Revenue stream | Sources from which revenue is generated (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010) | A | Asset sale | 10A | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| B | Reselling consumables | 10B | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||||
| C | Rental | 10C | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| D | Leasing | 10D | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Business model component | Variable no. | Business model variable | Description/Clarification and main sources | Configuration code | Configuration option | Configuration option no. | Company I | Company J | Company K |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value proposition | 1 | Deposition technique | 3D printing techniques applied to food processing ( | A | Soft-materials extrusion | 1A | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| B | Melting extrusion | 1B | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| C | Hydrogel-forming extrusion | 1C | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| D | Material jetting | 1D | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| E | Binder jetting | 1E | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| F | Selective laser sintering | 1F | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| G | Hot air sintering and melting | 1G | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| 2 | Print material type | Types of the raw food material used for printing ( | A | Food paste | 2A | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| B | Powder/Granular | 2B | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| C | Solid/Pallet | 2C | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| 3 | Source of material | Origin of the food material bought in or prepared in-house ( | A | Pre-packaged ingredients | 3A | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| B | Consumer-chosen/Prepared ingredients | 3B | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Value creation | 4 | Development path | 4A and 4B reflect the different natures of 3D food printers as they progress from being an application of non-food 3D printing technology into a class of their own (Authors) | A | Non-food printer that can print with food material | 4A | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| B | Dedicated food printer | 4B | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 5 | Intended value | Type of direct benefit expected from 3D-printed food ( | A | Creative design | 5A | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| B | Personalized nutrition | 5B | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| C | Unique product texture | 5C | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| 6 | Key partnership | External co-operations used during the creation of value ( | A | Academic partners | 6A | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| B | Company partners | 6B | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||||
| C | Customer partners | 6C | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Value communication | 7 | Channel for communicating value | Only the main identified types of channels have been chosen as configuration options ( | A | Press releases | 7A | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| B | Social media | 7B | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| C | Web page | 7C | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Value delivery | 8 | Customer segment and relationships | Targeted customer ( | A | Consumer-produced foods | 8A | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| B | Small-scale food production | 8B | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||||
| C | Industrial-scale food production | 8C | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||||
| 9 | Distribution channel | How the 3D food printer is distributed ( | A | Retail shop | 9A | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| B | Webshop | 9B | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| C | Reseller/Distributor | 9C | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Value capture | 10 | Revenue stream | Sources from which revenue is generated ( | A | Asset sale | 10A | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| B | Reselling consumables | 10B | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||||
| C | Rental | 10C | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| D | Leasing | 10D | 0 | 0 | 1 |
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