Summary of challenges of the pandemic to seafarers
| Challenges to seafarers | Main findings | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| Crew change crisis | Long pandemic and border/port closures cause serious challenges on crew changeovers | Shan (2021), Galani (2021), Doumbia-Henry (2020), UNCTAD (2021), De Beukelaer (2021) |
| Being stranded on board for long time heightened the tensions among the crews, increase workload and anxiety | Pauksztat et al. (2020), UNCTAD (2021) | |
| Being stranded onboard denied seafarers' human rights from many aspects | UNCTAD (2021), UNCTAD (2022), Slišković (2020), Pauksztat et al. (2022), Chua et al. (2022), Kaptan and Olgun-Kaptan (2021), Junus and Munandar (2020) | |
| Healthcare shortage | Limited heath facilities onboard, and seafarers are not able to reach health institutions to treat symptoms | The Lancet (2021), WHO (2020), Sagaro et al. (2020), Kaptan and Olgun-Kaptan (2021), UNCTAD (2021), UNCTAD (2022), Hebbar and Mukesh (2020) |
| Low vaccination rate for seafarers, especially in developing countries | UNCTAD (2021), Han et al. (2023) | |
| Certification issues | Seafarer training centers were closed, disallowing seafarers from renewing certifications and joining ships | De Beukelaer (2021), Chua et al. (2022) |
| Seafarers stocked and stranded onboard were prevented from renewing certificates, and attending training courses | Silverio (2022), De Beukelaer (2021), UNCTAD (2021) | |
| Introduction of a thorough certification attuned to mental health evaluation is important | Faremi and Heirs (2022) | |
| Derived issues-financial and mental health challenges | Pandemic hampered the seafarer’s recruitment process which influenced their job opportunities | Tang (2022) |
| Financial uncertainties have had a substantial impact on seafarers; Infected seafarers stayed for a longer period at home causing income drop; Seafarers were not compensated for long-overdue/beyond contracts agreement terms | Ciceri (2020), Slišković (2020), UNCTAD (2022) | |
| High prevalence of mental health problem cases and associated risks among seafarers were reported, as being without shore leaves and stranded onboard | Wong (2021), Baygi et al. (2021), Battineni et al. (2021), Pauksztat et al. (2022), Tang et al. (2022), Qin et al. (2021), Lucas et al. (2021), Pesel et al. (2020), Macapagal (2020), Abila and Acejo (2021), Slišković (2020), Carrera-Arce et al. (2022), Devereux and Wadsworth (2022), Brooks and Greenberg (2022), Radic et al. (2020) | |
| Seafarers' anxiety about getting infected onboard influenced their perception of job leading them to quit | Baygi et al. (2022), Erdem and Tutar (2022) | |
| The crew change crisis impacted seafarers’ working performance, and increased the risk of accidents | Wong (2021), Shan (2021), UNCTAD (2021) |
| Challenges to seafarers | Main findings | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| Crew change crisis | Long pandemic and border/port closures cause serious challenges on crew changeovers | |
| Being stranded on board for long time heightened the tensions among the crews, increase workload and anxiety | ||
| Being stranded onboard denied seafarers' human rights from many aspects | ||
| Healthcare shortage | Limited heath facilities onboard, and seafarers are not able to reach health institutions to treat symptoms | |
| Low vaccination rate for seafarers, especially in developing countries | ||
| Certification issues | Seafarer training centers were closed, disallowing seafarers from renewing certifications and joining ships | |
| Seafarers stocked and stranded onboard were prevented from renewing certificates, and attending training courses | ||
| Introduction of a thorough certification attuned to mental health evaluation is important | ||
| Derived issues-financial and mental health challenges | Pandemic hampered the seafarer’s recruitment process which influenced their job opportunities | |
| Financial uncertainties have had a substantial impact on seafarers; Infected seafarers stayed for a longer period at home causing income drop; Seafarers were not compensated for long-overdue/beyond contracts agreement terms | ||
| High prevalence of mental health problem cases and associated risks among seafarers were reported, as being without shore leaves and stranded onboard | ||
| Seafarers' anxiety about getting infected onboard influenced their perception of job leading them to quit | ||
| The crew change crisis impacted seafarers’ working performance, and increased the risk of accidents |
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