Table 1 The evaluation grounds used by... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

The evaluation grounds used by fact-checkers

Evaluation ground	Definition	Example
Comparison by similarity	The object of assessment is characterised by an individual attribute by pointing out that the object is similar to another object	“Buildings shown in the more recent photograph match their location in the April 2022 photo.” (Fact check 6)
Comparison by differentiation	The object of assessment is characterised by an individual attribute by pointing out that the object is different compared to another object	“It compared pictures of Putin purportedly taken in early 2023, and then in March 2023 in Ukrainian territories, in which his chin in the centre image looked noticeably different from the other two.” (Fact check 17)
Explanation	The object of assessment is characterised by an individual attribute that is perceived as causal because it is seen as a factor capable of producing positive or negative consequences for actors in the future	“If Russia’s statement has any truth to it, then none of the residential structures hit during the May 30 attack were their intended target.” (Fact check 85)
Correctness of information	The degree to which information presented in a claim accurately describes the object of assessment	“If such a clinic exists, the phone number displayed is incorrect. In reality, the Russian number 495–728-5000 belongs to the U.S. Embassy in Moscow.” (Fact check 22)
Temporal compatibility	The degree to which information presented in a claim is in congruence with the real occurrence time of an event	“Accompanying text on the video said residents in a nearby apartment reported hearing bangs and seeing the smoke around 2:30 a.m. local time.” (Fact check 119)
Spatial compatibility	The degree to which information presented in a claim is in congruence with the real occurrence place of an event	“Several Internet sleuths geolocated the video’s location, placing it in a town just northeast of Moscow named Kolchugino.” (Fact check 123)
Plausibility of an event	The degree to which information presented in a claim offers a believable description of the likelihood of occurrence for an event	“It is unlikely that an entire Ukrainian military convoy could travel with such impunity this deep into enemy territory.” (Fact check 16)
Verifiability of an event	The degree to which information presented in a claim describes an event that occurred in reality	“It is impossible to know what the intended target would be for drones that were disabled or destroyed prior to reaching that target.” (Fact check 2)
Honesty in argumentation	The degree to which information presented in a claim fairly and sincerely describes the object of assessment	“Recently, fake news about the alleged activities of American military biological laboratories in Ukraine has been spread in the media and social networks”. (Fact check 116)

Evaluation ground	Definition	Example
Comparison by similarity	The object of assessment is characterised by an individual attribute by pointing out that the object is similar to another object	“Buildings shown in the more recent photograph match their location in the April 2022 photo.” (Fact check 6)
Comparison by differentiation	The object of assessment is characterised by an individual attribute by pointing out that the object is different compared to another object	“It compared pictures of Putin purportedly taken in early 2023, and then in March 2023 in Ukrainian territories, in which his chin in the centre image looked noticeably different from the other two.” (Fact check 17)
Explanation	The object of assessment is characterised by an individual attribute that is perceived as causal because it is seen as a factor capable of producing positive or negative consequences for actors in the future	“If Russia’s statement has any truth to it, then none of the residential structures hit during the May 30 attack were their intended target.” (Fact check 85)
Correctness of information	The degree to which information presented in a claim accurately describes the object of assessment	“If such a clinic exists, the phone number displayed is incorrect. In reality, the Russian number 495–728-5000 belongs to the U.S. Embassy in Moscow.” (Fact check 22)
Temporal compatibility	The degree to which information presented in a claim is in congruence with the real occurrence time of an event	“Accompanying text on the video said residents in a nearby apartment reported hearing bangs and seeing the smoke around 2:30 a.m. local time.” (Fact check 119)
Spatial compatibility	The degree to which information presented in a claim is in congruence with the real occurrence place of an event	“Several Internet sleuths geolocated the video’s location, placing it in a town just northeast of Moscow named Kolchugino.” (Fact check 123)
Plausibility of an event	The degree to which information presented in a claim offers a believable description of the likelihood of occurrence for an event	“It is unlikely that an entire Ukrainian military convoy could travel with such impunity this deep into enemy territory.” (Fact check 16)
Verifiability of an event	The degree to which information presented in a claim describes an event that occurred in reality	“It is impossible to know what the intended target would be for drones that were disabled or destroyed prior to reaching that target.” (Fact check 2)
Honesty in argumentation	The degree to which information presented in a claim fairly and sincerely describes the object of assessment	“Recently, fake news about the alleged activities of American military biological laboratories in Ukraine has been spread in the media and social networks”. (Fact check 116)

Source(s): Created by the author