Table 1.

Entrepreneurial orientation

DimensionDefinitionLiterature
Risk-taking“Making decisions and taking action without certain knowledge of probable outcomes.”Miller (1983), Dess and Lumpkin (2005, p. 148)
Innovation“A willingness to introduce newness and novelty through experimentation and creative processes aimed at developing new products and services, as well as new processes.”Covin and Slevin (1989), Dess and Lumpkin (2005) 
Proactivity“A forward-looking perspective characteristic of a marketplace leader that has the foresight to seize opportunities in anticipation of future demand.”Dess and Lumpkin (2005), Covin and Slevin (1989) 
Source: Kim et al. (2018) 

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