Constructs measurement
| Item description and references | Definition | Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|
| Entrepreneurial orientation | ||
| Risk-taking (Miller, 1983; Dess and Lumpkin, 2005) | Making decisions and taking action without certain knowledge of probable outcomes | EO_1 |
| Innovativeness (Covin and Slevin, 1989; Dess and Lumpkin, 2005) | A willingness to introduce newness and novelty through experimentation and creative processes aimed at developing new products and services, as well as new processes | EO_2 |
| Proactivity (Covin and Slevin, 1989; Dess and Lumpkin, 2005) | A forward-looking perspective characteristic of a marketplace leader that has the foresight to seize opportunities in anticipation of future demand | EO_3 |
| Human resources orientation | ||
| Empathy (Choi, 2006; Kochan and Osterman, 1994; Kim et al., 2018; Parente et al., 2020) | The extent to which a company shares emotions and information with its employees | HRO_1 |
| Equity (Agócs and Burr, 1996; Kim et al., 2018) | The extent to which a company treats individuals in a fair and equal manner | HRO_2 |
| Empowerment (Choi, 2006; Cucino et al. (2021, 2022); Kim et al., 2018; Parente et al., 2020) | The delegation of power and responsibility from higher levels of the organizational hierarchy to lower levels, especially in regard to an employee’s ability to make decisions | HRO_3 |
| Enablement (Kim et al., 2018; Parente et al., 2020) | The extent to which a company provides the environment where each individual employee is able to develop skills and knowledge, consisting of both skill and infrastructure | HRO_4 |
| Item description and references | Definition | Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|
| Risk-taking | Making decisions and taking action without certain knowledge of probable outcomes | EO_1 |
| Innovativeness | A willingness to introduce newness and novelty through experimentation and creative processes aimed at developing new products and services, as well as new processes | EO_2 |
| Proactivity | A forward-looking perspective characteristic of a marketplace leader that has the foresight to seize opportunities in anticipation of future demand | EO_3 |
| Empathy | The extent to which a company shares emotions and information with its employees | HRO_1 |
| Equity | The extent to which a company treats individuals in a fair and equal manner | HRO_2 |
| Empowerment | The delegation of power and responsibility from higher levels of the organizational hierarchy to lower levels, especially in regard to an employee’s ability to make decisions | HRO_3 |
| Enablement | The extent to which a company provides the environment where each individual employee is able to develop skills and knowledge, consisting of both skill and infrastructure | HRO_4 |
Source:
Adapted from Kim et al. (2018), Parente et al. (2020)
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