Table 1 Barriers of mHealth services... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Barriers of mHealth services adoption in India*

SL. No.	mHealth Barriers upon intellectual technology	Description	References
1	Stable electricity availability and web access (m-HB 1)	Stable electricity and 5G enabled Internet facility required for storage of healthcare data in the cloud server. In remote areas, it is quite impossible to serve the Internet service for mobile healthcare issue towards intellectual technology	Qureshi et al. (2022), Reed et al. (2020), Adibi (2014), Chauhan and Saini (2015), Pradhan et al. (2020)
2	Devices must be calibrated on a regular basis (m-HB 2)	Calibration, or the verification of any healthcare measurement device's accuracy, has a significant impact on the quality-of-care delivery in mobile healthcare and also need signal improvement in mobile health care facilities	Kaushik et al. (2020), Sebetci and Algur (2015), Abelson et al. (2017), Jain et al. (2015)
3	Large technological gap with the users (m-HB 3)	Huge technological literacy appears while using mHealth service with the patients, particularly an old generation living in rural areas	Agrawal et al. (2020), Bessin et al. (2020), Ghosh and Dey (2021), Swain et al. (2021a), Zakerabasali et al. (2021), Kuek and Hakkennes (2020), O'Connor and O'Donoghue (2015)
4	Lack of political willpower (m-HB 4)	Political representatives frequently do not seek money for health care and, it appears that health-care policymaking has low political responsibility and is least aligned with the demands of the people	Gore (2021), Ramani and Mavalankar (2006), Lluch (2011), Weinstein et al. (2014), Parajuli and Doneys (2017)
5	Weak relationship of doctor-to-populace ratio (m-HB 5)	knowledge disparity between physicians and patients is another significant issue in m-Health system, not feeling comfortable and also facing intellectual technology barrier to share all the details which shows a big issue between doctors and patients	Reed et al. (2020), Bessin et al. (2020), Abelson et al. (2017)
6	A scarcity of qualified health-care workers (m-HB 6)	These include lack of qualification of healthcare worker on new mHealth solutions and weak technical knowledge of intellectual technology	Gaglani and Topol (2014), Zakerabasali et al. (2021), Nilsen et al. (2016), Kuek and Hakkennes (2020)
7	Different cell phone companies have different sensors (m-HB 7)	Different sensors incorporated in gadgets or wearables can facilitate access to mHealth services, which can be activated as soon as an anomaly is detected or an emergency signal is triggered. Majority of users have the problem on intellectual technology assisted smart devices, as the different mobile phone have different types of sensors attached	Bell et al. (2011), Mascolo (2010), Bommakanti et al. (2020)
8	Competent personnel/talents emigrating (m-HB 8)	The talented workers are settled in most of the towns for better healthcare facility and advanced technology	Liu et al. (2020), Lluch (2011)
9	Privacy issue (m-HB 9)	IoT has launched in a massive shift in the medical field. The difficulties and a survey of data security in relation to IoT in the cloud server has increased non-compliance and threat in the medical field. Many disciplines be included in the research to examine the issue and discover the realities of the problem in order to resolve mobile health services	Alasmari and Anwar (2017), Muhammad et al. (2017), Zakerabasali et al. (2021), Abelson et al. (2017), Kao and Liebovitz (2017)
10	Security attachments are required (m-HB 10)	Data are critical to the IoT system's success, there are a number of concerns about data management, including how medical data are collected and handled in terms of storage, processing and access by selected users through intellectual technology	Kosaraju (2021), Baker and Stanley (2018), Simon et al. (2009), Kao and Liebovitz (2017), Gleason (2015)
11	Staff apprehension and habitual change (m-HB 11)	Habitual change of staff might be impossible to adopt these intellectual technologies used in mHealth services. The popularity of training courses, online certifications and specialisations in mHealth is already expanding, according to medical professionals' responses	McConnochie (2019), Pulla, (2016), Zakerabasali et al. (2021), Kuek and Hakkennes, (2020)
12	Physicians do not have significant advantages, rewards, or assistance (m-HB 12)	Physicians wants to be updated in the intellectual technologies like IOT based healthcare equipment in the medical field but there is no such facility to develop by itself	Agarwal et al. (2020), Lluch, (2011), O'Connor and O'Donoghue (2015)
13	The government's economic condition (m-HB 13)	A coordinated effort by healthcare executives and providers, backed by the government, could go a long way towards improving India's medical ecosystem by embracing mobile technology. Due to government economic condition, large scale of technology cannot be implemented properly in the healthcare sector	Raina and Spaces (2021), Mathur et al. (2017), Kao and Liebovitz (2017)
14	Lack of supervisory agency (m-HB 14)	There is a lack in the use of intellectual technology like misinterpretation of mHealth application	Flodgren et al. (2015), Powell et al. (2014), Masterson Creber et al. (2016), Stoyanov et al. (2016), Zakerabasali et al. (2021), Kao and Liebovitz (2017)
15	Social and cultural problems (m-HB 15)	A social revolution in the case of Internet communiqué as a result of IoT; this has had a substantial impact on the extension of many challenging units, specifically in the field of implantable implants	Mascolo, (2010), Kao and Liebovitz (2017), Alsughayr, (2015), Nebeker et al. (2017)

SL. No.	mHealth Barriers upon intellectual technology	Description	References
1	Stable electricity availability and web access (m-HB 1)	Stable electricity and 5G enabled Internet facility required for storage of healthcare data in the cloud server. In remote areas, it is quite impossible to serve the Internet service for mobile healthcare issue towards intellectual technology	Qureshi et al. (2022), Reed et al. (2020), Adibi (2014), Chauhan and Saini (2015), Pradhan et al. (2020)
2	Devices must be calibrated on a regular basis (m-HB 2)	Calibration, or the verification of any healthcare measurement device's accuracy, has a significant impact on the quality-of-care delivery in mobile healthcare and also need signal improvement in mobile health care facilities	Kaushik et al. (2020), Sebetci and Algur (2015), Abelson et al. (2017), Jain et al. (2015)
3	Large technological gap with the users (m-HB 3)	Huge technological literacy appears while using mHealth service with the patients, particularly an old generation living in rural areas	Agrawal et al. (2020), Bessin et al. (2020), Ghosh and Dey (2021), Swain et al. (2021a), Zakerabasali et al. (2021), Kuek and Hakkennes (2020), O'Connor and O'Donoghue (2015)
4	Lack of political willpower (m-HB 4)	Political representatives frequently do not seek money for health care and, it appears that health-care policymaking has low political responsibility and is least aligned with the demands of the people	Gore (2021), Ramani and Mavalankar (2006), Lluch (2011), Weinstein et al. (2014), Parajuli and Doneys (2017)
5	Weak relationship of doctor-to-populace ratio (m-HB 5)	knowledge disparity between physicians and patients is another significant issue in m-Health system, not feeling comfortable and also facing intellectual technology barrier to share all the details which shows a big issue between doctors and patients	Reed et al. (2020), Bessin et al. (2020), Abelson et al. (2017)
6	A scarcity of qualified health-care workers (m-HB 6)	These include lack of qualification of healthcare worker on new mHealth solutions and weak technical knowledge of intellectual technology	Gaglani and Topol (2014), Zakerabasali et al. (2021), Nilsen et al. (2016), Kuek and Hakkennes (2020)
7	Different cell phone companies have different sensors (m-HB 7)	Different sensors incorporated in gadgets or wearables can facilitate access to mHealth services, which can be activated as soon as an anomaly is detected or an emergency signal is triggered. Majority of users have the problem on intellectual technology assisted smart devices, as the different mobile phone have different types of sensors attached	Bell et al. (2011), Mascolo (2010), Bommakanti et al. (2020)
8	Competent personnel/talents emigrating (m-HB 8)	The talented workers are settled in most of the towns for better healthcare facility and advanced technology	Liu et al. (2020), Lluch (2011)
9	Privacy issue (m-HB 9)	IoT has launched in a massive shift in the medical field. The difficulties and a survey of data security in relation to IoT in the cloud server has increased non-compliance and threat in the medical field. Many disciplines be included in the research to examine the issue and discover the realities of the problem in order to resolve mobile health services	Alasmari and Anwar (2017), Muhammad et al. (2017), Zakerabasali et al. (2021), Abelson et al. (2017), Kao and Liebovitz (2017)
10	Security attachments are required (m-HB 10)	Data are critical to the IoT system's success, there are a number of concerns about data management, including how medical data are collected and handled in terms of storage, processing and access by selected users through intellectual technology	Kosaraju (2021), Baker and Stanley (2018), Simon et al. (2009), Kao and Liebovitz (2017), Gleason (2015)
11	Staff apprehension and habitual change (m-HB 11)	Habitual change of staff might be impossible to adopt these intellectual technologies used in mHealth services. The popularity of training courses, online certifications and specialisations in mHealth is already expanding, according to medical professionals' responses	McConnochie (2019), Pulla, (2016), Zakerabasali et al. (2021), Kuek and Hakkennes, (2020)
12	Physicians do not have significant advantages, rewards, or assistance (m-HB 12)	Physicians wants to be updated in the intellectual technologies like IOT based healthcare equipment in the medical field but there is no such facility to develop by itself	Agarwal et al. (2020), Lluch, (2011), O'Connor and O'Donoghue (2015)
13	The government's economic condition (m-HB 13)	A coordinated effort by healthcare executives and providers, backed by the government, could go a long way towards improving India's medical ecosystem by embracing mobile technology. Due to government economic condition, large scale of technology cannot be implemented properly in the healthcare sector	Raina and Spaces (2021), Mathur et al. (2017), Kao and Liebovitz (2017)
14	Lack of supervisory agency (m-HB 14)	There is a lack in the use of intellectual technology like misinterpretation of mHealth application	Flodgren et al. (2015), Powell et al. (2014), Masterson Creber et al. (2016), Stoyanov et al. (2016), Zakerabasali et al. (2021), Kao and Liebovitz (2017)
15	Social and cultural problems (m-HB 15)	A social revolution in the case of Internet communiqué as a result of IoT; this has had a substantial impact on the extension of many challenging units, specifically in the field of implantable implants	Mascolo, (2010), Kao and Liebovitz (2017), Alsughayr, (2015), Nebeker et al. (2017)

*Source: Authors own work