Table 2 Government fractionalization and...

Table 2

Government fractionalization and fiscal policy response to globalization (1980–2011)

	Model 2.1	Model 2.2	Model 2.3
Reference	Contractionary	Efficiency-promoter	Compensator
	The Expansionary	The Expansionary	The Expansionary
ImportFD	−1.140**(0.398)	−0.809* (0.395)	−0.714 (0.392)
ImportFDGov.Frac*	0.025**(0.008)	0.017* (0.008)	0.013 (0.008)
Gov.Frac	−0.024 (0.021)	0.000 (0.021)	−0.039 (0.021)
Partisanship	−0.204 (0.314)	−0.207 (0.334)	−0.146 (0.356)
Years (in office)	−0.013 (0.060)	−0.067 (0.061)	−0.049 (0.062)
Undivided Gov’t	−0.877* (0.435)	0.507 (0.455)	−0.590 (0.434)
UnemploymentFD	0.606**(0.209)	0.392 (0.203)	0.083 (0.206)
InflationFD	0.104 (0.061)	0.016 (0.108)	0.213**(0.069)
Import_1	−0.034 (0.032)	−0.076 (0.048)	−0.048 (0.033)
ExportFD	−0.288**(0.100)	−0.134 (0.103)	−0.105 (0.083)
FDIFD	−0.018 (0.021)	0.006 (0.026)	−0.003 (0.022)
LnGDPPCFD	−32.54**(12.49)	−34.12 (10.36)	0.185 (9.31)
Growth_1	−0.185* (0.089)	0.01 (0.079)	−0.167* (0.084)
DebtFD	−0.005 (0.011)	−0.007 (0.010)	0.001 (0.011)
	The Compensator	The Contractionary	The Efficiency-promoter
ImportFD	−0.426 (0.328)	0.330 (0.336)	0.096 (0.325)
ImportFDGov.Frac*	0.012 (0.006)	−0.009 (0.007)	−0.003 (0.006)
Gov.Frac	0.015 (0.021)	0.024 (0.019)	−0.039 (0.021)
Partisanship	−0.057 (0.337)	−0.003 (0.290)	0.061 (0.361)
Years (in office)	0.036 (0.059)	−0.055 (0.055)	0.018 (0.061)
Undivided Gov’t	−0.287 (0.469)	1.384**(0.452)	−1.097*(0.485)
UnemploymentFD	0.523* (0.215)	−0.214 (0.174)	−0.309 (0.211)
InflationFD	−0.109 (0.065)	−0.089 (0.054)	0.197**(0.067)
Import_1	0.014 (0.030)	0.012 (0.027)	−0.027 (0.029)
ExportFD	−0.183* (0.089)	0.154 (0.092)	0.029 (0.096)
FDIFD	−0.016 (0.019)	0.025 (0.030)	−0.009 (0.026)
LnGDPPCFD	−32.73* (13.01)	−1.58 (10.47)	34.31**(10.77)
Growth_1	−0.018 (0.083)	0.186**(0.069)	−0.168*(0.075)
DebtFD	−0.006 (0.010)	−0.002 (0.009)	0.008 (0.008)
N	546	546	546
χ²	185.15**	185.15**	185.15**

	Model 2.1	Model 2.2	Model 2.3
Reference	Contractionary	Efficiency-promoter	Compensator
	The Expansionary	The Expansionary	The Expansionary
ImportFD	−1.140**(0.398)	−0.809* (0.395)	−0.714 (0.392)
ImportFD*Gov.Frac	0.025**(0.008)	0.017* (0.008)	0.013 (0.008)
Gov.Frac	−0.024 (0.021)	0.000 (0.021)	−0.039 (0.021)
Partisanship	−0.204 (0.314)	−0.207 (0.334)	−0.146 (0.356)
Years (in office)	−0.013 (0.060)	−0.067 (0.061)	−0.049 (0.062)
Undivided Gov’t	−0.877* (0.435)	0.507 (0.455)	−0.590 (0.434)
UnemploymentFD	0.606**(0.209)	0.392 (0.203)	0.083 (0.206)
InflationFD	0.104 (0.061)	0.016 (0.108)	0.213**(0.069)
Import_1	−0.034 (0.032)	−0.076 (0.048)	−0.048 (0.033)
ExportFD	−0.288**(0.100)	−0.134 (0.103)	−0.105 (0.083)
FDIFD	−0.018 (0.021)	0.006 (0.026)	−0.003 (0.022)
LnGDPPCFD	−32.54**(12.49)	−34.12 (10.36)	0.185 (9.31)
Growth_1	−0.185* (0.089)	0.01 (0.079)	−0.167* (0.084)
DebtFD	−0.005 (0.011)	−0.007 (0.010)	0.001 (0.011)
	The Compensator	The Contractionary	The Efficiency-promoter
ImportFD	−0.426 (0.328)	0.330 (0.336)	0.096 (0.325)
ImportFD*Gov.Frac	0.012 (0.006)	−0.009 (0.007)	−0.003 (0.006)
Gov.Frac	0.015 (0.021)	0.024 (0.019)	−0.039 (0.021)
Partisanship	−0.057 (0.337)	−0.003 (0.290)	0.061 (0.361)
Years (in office)	0.036 (0.059)	−0.055 (0.055)	0.018 (0.061)
Undivided Gov’t	−0.287 (0.469)	1.384**(0.452)	−1.097*(0.485)
UnemploymentFD	0.523* (0.215)	−0.214 (0.174)	−0.309 (0.211)
InflationFD	−0.109 (0.065)	−0.089 (0.054)	0.197**(0.067)
Import_1	0.014 (0.030)	0.012 (0.027)	−0.027 (0.029)
ExportFD	−0.183* (0.089)	0.154 (0.092)	0.029 (0.096)
FDIFD	−0.016 (0.019)	0.025 (0.030)	−0.009 (0.026)
LnGDPPCFD	−32.73* (13.01)	−1.58 (10.47)	34.31**(10.77)
Growth_1	−0.018 (0.083)	0.186**(0.069)	−0.168*(0.075)
DebtFD	−0.006 (0.010)	−0.002 (0.009)	0.008 (0.008)
N	546	546	546
χ²	185.15**	185.15**	185.15**

Note(s): Multinomial logit estimates with four categories. Compensation spending as % of the GDP. Country fixed effects. Robust standard errors. p-values: **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. Two-tailed tests

Source(s): Table by authors

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