Table 3 Government fractionalization and...

Table 3

Government fractionalization and fiscal policy response to globalization (1980–2011)

	Model 3.1	Model 3.2	Model 3.3
Reference	Contractionary	Efficiency-promoter	Compensator
	The Expansionary	The Expansionary	The Expansionary
ImportFD	−1.284**(0.442)	−1.167**(0.426)	−1.015* (0.418)
ImportFDGov.Frac*	0.027**(0.009)	0.024**(0.009)	0.019* (0.009)
Gov.Frac	−0.001 (0.022)	0.037 (0.023)	−0.022 (0.021)
Partisanship	0.198 (0.331)	0.297 (0.347)	−0.145 (0.325)
Years (in office)	−0.030 (0.059)	−0.105 (0.062)	−0.039 (0.055)
Undivided Gov’t	−0.415 (0.452)	0.942* (0.461)	−0.792 (0.436)
UnemploymentFD	0.535* (0.218)	0.476* (0.233)	0.305 (0.181)
InflationFD	0.154* (0.061)	0.056 (0.045)	0.225**(0.065)
Import_1	−0.092**(0.033)	−0.100**(0.032)	−0.075* (0.033)
ExportFD	−0.172 (0.103)	−0.068 (0.111)	−0.073 (0.096)
FDIFD	−0.034 (0.025)	−0.014 (0.030)	−0.016 (0.026)
LnGDPPCFD	−13.50 (11.47)	−11.63 (10.16)	6.10 (8.54)
Growth_1	−0.248**(0.094)	−0.042 (0.076)	−0.183* (0.075)
DebtFD	−0.010 (0.010)	−0.008 (0.009)	0.003 (0.009)
	The Compensator	The Contractionary	The Efficiency-promoter
ImportFD	−0.269 (0.320)	0.117 (0.353)	0.152 (0.321)
ImportFDGov.Frac*	0.008 (0.007)	−0.004 (0.007)	−0.005 (0.006)
Gov.Frac	0.020 (0.021)	0.038 (0.022)	−0.059**(0.023)
Partisanship	0.343 (0.327)	0.099 (0.322)	−0.442 (0.354)
Years (in office)	0.008 (0.058)	−0.075 (0.062)	0.066 (0.061)
Undivided Gov’t	0.377 (0.480)	1.357**(0.477)	−1.734**(0.490)
UnemploymentFD	0.230 (0.214)	−0.059 (0.198)	−0.171 (0.227)
InflationFD	−0.071 (0.059)	−0.098 (0.058)	0.169**(0.063)
Import_1	−0.017 (0.030)	−0.008 (0.029)	0.024 (0.030)
ExportFD	−0.099 (0.092)	0.104 (0.111)	−0.005 (0.104)
FDIFD	−0.018 (0.019)	0.021 (0.030)	−0.003 (0.030)
LnGDPPCFD	−19.60 (11.40)	1.87 (11.37)	17.73 (9.88)
Growth_1	−0.065 (0.088)	0.205* (0.082)	−0.140 (0.071)
DebtFD	−0.013 (0.010)	0.002 (0.010)	0.011 (0.009)
N	527	527	527
χ²	5480.48**	5487.28**	5499.78**

	Model 3.1	Model 3.2	Model 3.3
Reference	Contractionary	Efficiency-promoter	Compensator
	The Expansionary	The Expansionary	The Expansionary
ImportFD	−1.284**(0.442)	−1.167**(0.426)	−1.015* (0.418)
ImportFD*Gov.Frac	0.027**(0.009)	0.024**(0.009)	0.019* (0.009)
Gov.Frac	−0.001 (0.022)	0.037 (0.023)	−0.022 (0.021)
Partisanship	0.198 (0.331)	0.297 (0.347)	−0.145 (0.325)
Years (in office)	−0.030 (0.059)	−0.105 (0.062)	−0.039 (0.055)
Undivided Gov’t	−0.415 (0.452)	0.942* (0.461)	−0.792 (0.436)
UnemploymentFD	0.535* (0.218)	0.476* (0.233)	0.305 (0.181)
InflationFD	0.154* (0.061)	0.056 (0.045)	0.225**(0.065)
Import_1	−0.092**(0.033)	−0.100**(0.032)	−0.075* (0.033)
ExportFD	−0.172 (0.103)	−0.068 (0.111)	−0.073 (0.096)
FDIFD	−0.034 (0.025)	−0.014 (0.030)	−0.016 (0.026)
LnGDPPCFD	−13.50 (11.47)	−11.63 (10.16)	6.10 (8.54)
Growth_1	−0.248**(0.094)	−0.042 (0.076)	−0.183* (0.075)
DebtFD	−0.010 (0.010)	−0.008 (0.009)	0.003 (0.009)
	The Compensator	The Contractionary	The Efficiency-promoter
ImportFD	−0.269 (0.320)	0.117 (0.353)	0.152 (0.321)
ImportFD*Gov.Frac	0.008 (0.007)	−0.004 (0.007)	−0.005 (0.006)
Gov.Frac	0.020 (0.021)	0.038 (0.022)	−0.059**(0.023)
Partisanship	0.343 (0.327)	0.099 (0.322)	−0.442 (0.354)
Years (in office)	0.008 (0.058)	−0.075 (0.062)	0.066 (0.061)
Undivided Gov’t	0.377 (0.480)	1.357**(0.477)	−1.734**(0.490)
UnemploymentFD	0.230 (0.214)	−0.059 (0.198)	−0.171 (0.227)
InflationFD	−0.071 (0.059)	−0.098 (0.058)	0.169**(0.063)
Import_1	−0.017 (0.030)	−0.008 (0.029)	0.024 (0.030)
ExportFD	−0.099 (0.092)	0.104 (0.111)	−0.005 (0.104)
FDIFD	−0.018 (0.019)	0.021 (0.030)	−0.003 (0.030)
LnGDPPCFD	−19.60 (11.40)	1.87 (11.37)	17.73 (9.88)
Growth_1	−0.065 (0.088)	0.205* (0.082)	−0.140 (0.071)
DebtFD	−0.013 (0.010)	0.002 (0.010)	0.011 (0.009)
N	527	527	527
χ²	5480.48**	5487.28**	5499.78**

Note(s): Multinomial logit estimates with four categories. Compensation spending as % of total government spending. Country-fixed effects. Robust standard errors. p-values: **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. Two-tailed tests

Source(s): Table by authors

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