Pension regulations for entrepreneurs across Europe
| Pension insurance (around 2019) | Country | Full public pension age 2005 | Full public pension age 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | ||
| No gender-difference in retirement age, mandatory coverage | |||||
| (Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees | Cyprus | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 |
| Luxembourg | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | |
| (Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees; some flat-rate | Hungary | 62 | 62 | 65 | 65 |
| (Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate | Belgium | 63 | 63 | 65 | 65 |
| France | 60 | 60 | 62 | 62 | |
| Portugal | 65 | 65 | 67 | 67 | |
| Sweden | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | |
| (Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate and Mandatory regular contributions above income threshold | Latvia | 62 | 62 | 64 | 64 |
| Mandatory contributions above income threshold | Finland | 65 | 65 | 64 | 64 |
| Slovakia | 62 | 62 | 64 | 64 | |
| Mandatory contributions to basic pension only | Ireland | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 |
| Netherlands | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 | |
| Mandatory flat-rate contributions | Spain | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 |
| No gender-difference in retirement age, no mandatory coverage | |||||
| No mandatory pension contribution | Denmark | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 |
| Germany | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 | |
| Gender-difference in retirement age, mandatory coverage | |||||
| (Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees | Bulgaria | 63 | 58 | 64 | 62 |
| Croatia | 60 | 55 | 65 | 63 | |
| Czech Republic | 62 | 60 | 64 | 64 | |
| Estonia | 63 | 60 | 64 | 64 | |
| Greece | 65 | 60 | 62 | 62 | |
| Malta | 61 | 60 | 63 | 63 | |
| (Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees; some flat-rate | Lithuania | 63 | 60 | 64 | 63 |
| Slovenia | 63 | 61 | 65 | 65 | |
| (Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate | Israel | 65 | 60 | 67 | 62 |
| Italy | 65 | 60 | 67 | 67 | |
| Switzerland | 65 | 64 | 65 | 64 | |
| (Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate and Mandatory regular contributions above income threshold | Austria | 65 | 60 | 65 | 60 |
| Mandatory flat-rate contributions | Poland | 65 | 60 | 65 | 60 |
| Mandatory contributions above income threshold and some exempt | Romania | 62 | 57 | 65 | 61 |
| Pension insurance (around 2019) | Country | Full public pension age 2005 | Full public pension age 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | ||
| (Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees | Cyprus | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 |
| Luxembourg | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | |
| (Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees; some flat-rate | Hungary | 62 | 62 | 65 | 65 |
| (Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate | Belgium | 63 | 63 | 65 | 65 |
| France | 60 | 60 | 62 | 62 | |
| Portugal | 65 | 65 | 67 | 67 | |
| Sweden | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | |
| (Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate and Mandatory regular contributions above income threshold | Latvia | 62 | 62 | 64 | 64 |
| Mandatory contributions above income threshold | Finland | 65 | 65 | 64 | 64 |
| Slovakia | 62 | 62 | 64 | 64 | |
| Mandatory contributions to basic pension only | Ireland | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 |
| Netherlands | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 | |
| Mandatory flat-rate contributions | Spain | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 |
| No mandatory pension contribution | Denmark | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 |
| Germany | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 | |
| (Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees | Bulgaria | 63 | 58 | 64 | 62 |
| Croatia | 60 | 55 | 65 | 63 | |
| Czech Republic | 62 | 60 | 64 | 64 | |
| Estonia | 63 | 60 | 64 | 64 | |
| Greece | 65 | 60 | 62 | 62 | |
| Malta | 61 | 60 | 63 | 63 | |
| (Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees; some flat-rate | Lithuania | 63 | 60 | 64 | 63 |
| Slovenia | 63 | 61 | 65 | 65 | |
| (Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate | Israel | 65 | 60 | 67 | 62 |
| Italy | 65 | 60 | 67 | 67 | |
| Switzerland | 65 | 64 | 65 | 64 | |
| (Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate and Mandatory regular contributions above income threshold | Austria | 65 | 60 | 65 | 60 |
| Mandatory flat-rate contributions | Poland | 65 | 60 | 65 | 60 |
| Mandatory contributions above income threshold and some exempt | Romania | 62 | 57 | 65 | 61 |
Source(s): Anusic et al. (2003), Bejakovic (2019), OECD (2017, 2019, 2021), Palmer (2007), Preda and Grigoras (2011), Mutual Information System on Social Protection (2022), Author’s own work
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