Table 1 Pension regulations for...

Table 1

Pension regulations for entrepreneurs across Europe

Pension insurance (around 2019)	Country	Full public pension age 2005		Full public pension age 2020
Pension insurance (around 2019)	Country	Men	Women	Men	Women
No gender-difference in retirement age, mandatory coverage
(Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees	Cyprus	65	65	65	65
(Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees	Luxembourg	65	65	65	65
(Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees; some flat-rate	Hungary	62	62	65	65
(Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate	Belgium	63	63	65	65
	France	60	60	62	62
	Portugal	65	65	67	67
	Sweden	65	65	65	65
(Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate and Mandatory regular contributions above income threshold	Latvia	62	62	64	64
Mandatory contributions above income threshold	Finland	65	65	64	64
Mandatory contributions above income threshold	Slovakia	62	62	64	64
Mandatory contributions to basic pension only	Ireland	65	65	66	66
Mandatory contributions to basic pension only	Netherlands	65	65	66	66
Mandatory flat-rate contributions	Spain	65	65	66	66
No gender-difference in retirement age, no mandatory coverage
No mandatory pension contribution	Denmark	65	65	66	66
No mandatory pension contribution	Germany	65	65	66	66
Gender-difference in retirement age, mandatory coverage
(Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees	Bulgaria	63	58	64	62
	Croatia	60	55	65	63
	Czech Republic	62	60	64	64
	Estonia	63	60	64	64
	Greece	65	60	62	62
	Malta	61	60	63	63
(Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees; some flat-rate	Lithuania	63	60	64	63
	Slovenia	63	61	65	65
(Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate	Israel	65	60	67	62
	Italy	65	60	67	67
	Switzerland	65	64	65	64
(Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate and Mandatory regular contributions above income threshold	Austria	65	60	65	60
Mandatory flat-rate contributions	Poland	65	60	65	60
Mandatory contributions above income threshold and some exempt	Romania	62	57	65	61

Pension insurance (around 2019)	Country	Full public pension age 2005		Full public pension age 2020
Pension insurance (around 2019)	Country	Men	Women	Men	Women
No gender-difference in retirement age, mandatory coverage
(Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees	Cyprus	65	65	65	65
(Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees	Luxembourg	65	65	65	65
(Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees; some flat-rate	Hungary	62	62	65	65
(Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate	Belgium	63	63	65	65
	France	60	60	62	62
	Portugal	65	65	67	67
	Sweden	65	65	65	65
(Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate and Mandatory regular contributions above income threshold	Latvia	62	62	64	64
Mandatory contributions above income threshold	Finland	65	65	64	64
Mandatory contributions above income threshold	Slovakia	62	62	64	64
Mandatory contributions to basic pension only	Ireland	65	65	66	66
Mandatory contributions to basic pension only	Netherlands	65	65	66	66
Mandatory flat-rate contributions	Spain	65	65	66	66
No gender-difference in retirement age, no mandatory coverage
No mandatory pension contribution	Denmark	65	65	66	66
No mandatory pension contribution	Germany	65	65	66	66
Gender-difference in retirement age, mandatory coverage
(Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees	Bulgaria	63	58	64	62
	Croatia	60	55	65	63
	Czech Republic	62	60	64	64
	Estonia	63	60	64	64
	Greece	65	60	62	62
	Malta	61	60	63	63
(Quasi)mandatory contributions similar to employees; some flat-rate	Lithuania	63	60	64	63
	Slovenia	63	61	65	65
(Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate	Israel	65	60	67	62
	Italy	65	60	67	67
	Switzerland	65	64	65	64
(Quasi)mandatory contribution with reduced contribution rate and Mandatory regular contributions above income threshold	Austria	65	60	65	60
Mandatory flat-rate contributions	Poland	65	60	65	60
Mandatory contributions above income threshold and some exempt	Romania	62	57	65	61

Source(s): Anusic et al. (2003), Bejakovic (2019), OECD (2017, 2019, 2021), Palmer (2007), Preda and Grigoras (2011), Mutual Information System on Social Protection (2022), Author’s own work

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