Table 1 Summary statistics Variable N...

Table 1

Summary statistics

Variable	N	Mean	Median	SD	Max	Min
Robot	1,129	2.162	1.666	1.743	5.838	0.000
Fned	1,129	0.085	0.111	0.094	0.429	0.000
Size	1,129	21.710	21.640	0.908	26.000	19.560
Lev	1,129	0.330	0.315	0.170	0.836	0.031
Growth	1,129	0.168	0.121	0.353	4.806	−0.592
Age	1,129	2.728	2.773	0.413	3.555	1.386
ROA	1,129	0.045	0.042	0.057	0.222	−0.415
Board	1,129	2.078	2.197	0.179	2.708	1.609
Indep	1,129	0.381	0.364	0.057	0.600	0.333
Dual	1,129	0.537	1.000	0.499	1.000	0.000
Mshare	1,129	0.262	0.243	0.235	0.705	0.000
FM	1,129	0.176	0.188	0.099	0.400	0.000
Child	1,129	0.588	1.000	0.492	1.000	0.000
HT	1,129	0.369	0.000	0.483	1.000	0.000
Law	1,129	9.770	10.110	2.653	14.130	1.936

Variable	N	Mean	Median	SD	Max	Min
Robot	1,129	2.162	1.666	1.743	5.838	0.000
Fned	1,129	0.085	0.111	0.094	0.429	0.000
Size	1,129	21.710	21.640	0.908	26.000	19.560
Lev	1,129	0.330	0.315	0.170	0.836	0.031
Growth	1,129	0.168	0.121	0.353	4.806	−0.592
Age	1,129	2.728	2.773	0.413	3.555	1.386
ROA	1,129	0.045	0.042	0.057	0.222	−0.415
Board	1,129	2.078	2.197	0.179	2.708	1.609
Indep	1,129	0.381	0.364	0.057	0.600	0.333
Dual	1,129	0.537	1.000	0.499	1.000	0.000
Mshare	1,129	0.262	0.243	0.235	0.705	0.000
FM	1,129	0.176	0.188	0.099	0.400	0.000
Child	1,129	0.588	1.000	0.492	1.000	0.000
HT	1,129	0.369	0.000	0.483	1.000	0.000
Law	1,129	9.770	10.110	2.653	14.130	1.936

Note(s): Table 1 presents descriptive statistics of key variables of interest for the sample of family firms included in our study. The sample covers firm-year observations with non-missing values for all variables for the period 2011–2019. All variables are defined in Appendix

Source(s): Table by authors

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