The antecedents of silence in the workplace
| Dimensions | Themes | Subthemes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Employee silence | Organizational silence | ||
| External | Labor market conditions | – | |
| Organizational | Organizational culture | Organizational support | Organizational support |
| Positive practice environment | Positive work environment | ||
| Organizational politics | Organizational politics | ||
| Organizational justice | Organizational justice | ||
| Hostile industrial relations climate | Effective organizational communication | ||
| Lack of support and participation in decision-making | Organizational trust | ||
| Experience of not being valued | Career barriers | ||
| Collectivism | – | ||
| Chaxu atmosphere | |||
| Customer participation in value cocreation | |||
| High power distance | |||
| Punishment | |||
| Organizational voice climate | |||
| Ethical organizational climate | |||
| Psychological contract breach | |||
| Racial discrimination | |||
| Positive workplace gossip | |||
| Structural issue | Centralization | – | |
| Strict governance and control in a hierarchical organization | – | ||
| Structural reform | |||
| Job status | – | Job insecurity | |
| Social relationship | Social undermining | Organizational mobbing | |
| Workplace ostracism | Workplace incivility | ||
| Workplace bullying | – | ||
| Leadership | Authentic leadership | Authentic leadership | |
| Transformational leadership | Transformational leadership | ||
| Toxic leadership | Toxic leadership | ||
| Abusive supervision (coercive power) | Instructional leadership | ||
| Leader bottom-line mentality | School administrators’ communication skills | ||
| Supervisor undermining | Supervisor support | ||
| Negative emotional expression | Supervisor trust | ||
| Leader’s aggressive humor | Manager’s attitude to silence | ||
| Authoritarian leadership | – | ||
| Destructive leadership | |||
| Leader’s destructive personality | |||
| Narcissistic leadership | |||
| Ambidextrous leadership (+/−) | |||
| Empowering leadership | |||
| Benevolent leadership | |||
| Leader’s openness for voice | |||
| Ethical leadership | |||
| Leader’s behavioral integrity | |||
| Leader’s interpersonal emotion regulation | |||
| Team | Team climate | Focus on the future | – |
| Regular contact | |||
| Team vision | |||
| Coworker support | |||
| Individual | Psychological construct | Team commitment | Organizational commitment |
| Employee authenticity | Self-confidence | ||
| Insecurity | Moral distress | ||
| Moral behavior/judgment | |||
| Positive psychological capital | |||
| Behavior | Compulsory citizenship behavior | Organizational citizenship behavior | |
| Knowledge hiding | Locus of control (external, internal) | ||
| Power-orientation value | Power distance perception | ||
| Perception of power base games | |||
| Identification | Organizational identification | – | |
| Relational self-identity (+/−) | |||
| Demographic characteristics | Gender, age, education, marital status, family dependents and level of experience (+/−) | Age, gender, … | |
| Personality trait | Self-narcissism | – | |
| Competence | Emotional intelligence | Communication skills | |
| Resource | Family support | Social capital | |
| Dimensions | Themes | Subthemes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Employee silence | Organizational silence | ||
| External | Labor market conditions | – | |
| Organizational | Organizational culture | Organizational support | Organizational support |
| Positive practice environment | Positive work environment | ||
| Organizational politics | Organizational politics | ||
| Organizational justice | Organizational justice | ||
| Hostile industrial relations climate | Effective organizational communication | ||
| Lack of support and participation in decision-making | Organizational trust | ||
| Experience of not being valued | Career barriers | ||
| Collectivism | – | ||
| Chaxu atmosphere | |||
| Customer participation in value cocreation | |||
| High power distance | |||
| Punishment | |||
| Organizational voice climate | |||
| Ethical organizational climate | |||
| Psychological contract breach | |||
| Racial discrimination | |||
| Positive workplace gossip | |||
| Structural issue | Centralization | – | |
| Strict governance and control in a hierarchical organization | – | ||
| Structural reform | |||
| Job status | – | Job insecurity | |
| Social relationship | Social undermining | Organizational mobbing | |
| Workplace ostracism | Workplace incivility | ||
| Workplace bullying | – | ||
| Leadership | Authentic leadership | Authentic leadership | |
| Transformational leadership | Transformational leadership | ||
| Toxic leadership | Toxic leadership | ||
| Abusive supervision (coercive power) | Instructional leadership | ||
| Leader bottom-line mentality | School administrators’ communication skills | ||
| Supervisor undermining | Supervisor support | ||
| Negative emotional expression | Supervisor trust | ||
| Leader’s aggressive humor | Manager’s attitude to silence | ||
| Authoritarian leadership | – | ||
| Destructive leadership | |||
| Leader’s destructive personality | |||
| Narcissistic leadership | |||
| Ambidextrous leadership (+/−) | |||
| Empowering leadership | |||
| Benevolent leadership | |||
| Leader’s openness for voice | |||
| Ethical leadership | |||
| Leader’s behavioral integrity | |||
| Leader’s interpersonal emotion regulation | |||
| Team | Team climate | Focus on the future | – |
| Regular contact | |||
| Team vision | |||
| Coworker support | |||
| Individual | Psychological construct | Team commitment | Organizational commitment |
| Employee authenticity | Self-confidence | ||
| Insecurity | Moral distress | ||
| Moral behavior/judgment | |||
| Positive psychological capital | |||
| Behavior | Compulsory citizenship behavior | Organizational citizenship behavior | |
| Knowledge hiding | Locus of control (external, internal) | ||
| Power-orientation value | Power distance perception | ||
| Perception of power base games | |||
| Identification | Organizational identification | – | |
| Relational self-identity (+/−) | |||
| Demographic characteristics | Gender, age, education, marital status, family dependents and level of experience (+/−) | Age, gender, … | |
| Personality trait | Self-narcissism | – | |
| Competence | Emotional intelligence | Communication skills | |
| Resource | Family support | Social capital | |
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