Table 1

Variable description and source

VariableDefinitionMeasurementsTime periodSource
GROWPer capita growth rate of real GDP, which represents economic growthPercentage1980–2022World Development (2022) 
MINEMineral rents share in the GDP [Total natural resources rents as a percentage of GDP]Percentage1980–2022World Development (2022) 
POPRPopulation growth ratePercentage1980–2022World Development (2022) 
CIVIPrevalent of civil warNumerical or Point value1980–2022Polity IV Index of Regime Change, Centre for Systemic Peace (2021) 
BORDNumber of countries sharing borders with the countryNumerical or Point value1980–2022Polity IV Index of Regime Change, Centre for Systemic Peace (2021) 
PGCWPopulation growth rate * prevalent of civil war [composite variable]Percentage1980–2022World Development (2022) and Polity IV Index of Regime Change, Centre for Systemic Peace (2021) 
MRWCMineral rents * prevalent of civil war [composite variable]Percentage1980–2022World Development (2022) and Polity IV Index of Regime Change, Centre for Systemic Peace (2021) 
DEMODemocratic institution qualityNumerical or Point value1980–2022Polity IV Index of regime change-Centre for Systemic Peace (2021) 
EFGI*Effectiveness of governance institutional qualityNumerical or Point value1980–2022World Governance Indicators, Kaufmann et al. (2010) In World Development (2022) 
QAIS*Quality of accountability institutionNumerical or Point value1980–2022World Governance Indicators, Kaufmann et al. (2010) In World Development (2022) 
ICWUIntensity of civil war (Uppsala Model)Numerical or Point value1980–2022Violent Political Protest: Introducing a New Uppsala Conflict Data Program Data set on Organized Violence, Svensson et al. (2022) 
DVSWDummy variable for severity of civil war (Uppsala Model)Numerical or Point value1980–2022Author's estimation derived from: data on Violent Political Protest: Introducing a New Uppsala Conflict Data Program Data set on Organized Violence, Svensson et al. (2022) 

Note(s): ** The two variables consist of data with availability from 2001. This study uses multiple imputation commands (See Colin and Pravin, 2012, pp. 47–48) in Stata 17 to input the missing values for the series. Moreover, the two variables were not used as part of the study's empirical result but only utilized to compute our robustness test to augment other governance indicators or qualities of institutions used, like the democratic quality of institutions with complete series

Source(s): Author's compilations

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