Table 3 Output from Eq. (2) reporting...

Table 3

Output from Eq. (2) reporting marginal effects

Variables	In house R&D	External R&D	New-to-market	New-to-firm	Process innovation
Public linkages	0.336***	0.266***	0.002	0.002	0.259***
Public linkages	(0.095)	(0.102)	(0.110)	(0.101)	(0.092)
Supplier/Consultant linkages	0.423***	0.311***	0.111	0.080	0.282***
Supplier/Consultant linkages	(0.099)	(0.105)	(0.103)	(0.104)	(0.093)
Competitor linkages	−0.113	−0.046	0.230**	0.218**	0.026
Competitor linkages	(0.118)	(0.123)	(0.105)	(0.102)	(0.102)
Customer linkages	−0.163	−0.014	0.226**	0.180*	0.205**
Customer linkages	(0.107)	(0.116)	(0.099)	(0.101)	(0.097)
Scientific journals	0.312***	0.288***	−0.034	0.059	0.248***
Scientific journals	(0.083)	(0.109)	(0.112)	(0.104)	(0.085)
Conferences	−0.053	0.011	−0.083	−0.092	0.052
Conferences	(0.094)	(0.116)	(0.107)	(0.101)	(0.097)
Industry associations	−0.075	−0.035	0.208**	0.098	−0.111
Industry associations	(0.094)	(0.120)	(0.097)	(0.090)	(0.095)
Other data sources	−0.119	0.233	0.311	0.347	0.080
Other data sources	(0.184)	(0.257)	(0.248)	(0.293)	(0.256)
Employment (Log)	0.023	0.040	0.029	−0.015	0.106***
Employment (Log)	(0.023)	(0.027)	(0.026)	(0.025)	(0.024)
Firm age (Log)	0.023	−0.036	−0.039	0.021	−0.099**
Firm age (Log)	(0.042)	(0.049)	(0.044)	(0.042)	(0.041)
% University education	0.002**	−0.001	−0.001	0.001	0.001
% University education	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Multi plant	0.133*	0.100	0.176**	0.003	−0.075
Multi plant	(0.069)	(0.089)	(0.084)	(0.076)	(0.085)
Received subsidy	0.167**	0.142	0.057	0.059	0.119
Received subsidy	(0.082)	(0.094)	(0.099)	(0.088)	(0.088)
Observations	199	199	199	199	199
Wald Chi-square (prob)	110.00	71.02	63.08	39.43	91.05
Wald Chi-square (prob)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.002)	(0.000)
Pseudo R²	0.539	0.321	0.256	0.171	0.420

Variables	In house R&D	External R&D	New-to-market	New-to-firm	Process innovation
Public linkages	0.336***	0.266***	0.002	0.002	0.259***
Public linkages	(0.095)	(0.102)	(0.110)	(0.101)	(0.092)
Supplier/Consultant linkages	0.423***	0.311***	0.111	0.080	0.282***
Supplier/Consultant linkages	(0.099)	(0.105)	(0.103)	(0.104)	(0.093)
Competitor linkages	−0.113	−0.046	0.230**	0.218**	0.026
Competitor linkages	(0.118)	(0.123)	(0.105)	(0.102)	(0.102)
Customer linkages	−0.163	−0.014	0.226**	0.180*	0.205**
Customer linkages	(0.107)	(0.116)	(0.099)	(0.101)	(0.097)
Scientific journals	0.312***	0.288***	−0.034	0.059	0.248***
Scientific journals	(0.083)	(0.109)	(0.112)	(0.104)	(0.085)
Conferences	−0.053	0.011	−0.083	−0.092	0.052
Conferences	(0.094)	(0.116)	(0.107)	(0.101)	(0.097)
Industry associations	−0.075	−0.035	0.208**	0.098	−0.111
Industry associations	(0.094)	(0.120)	(0.097)	(0.090)	(0.095)
Other data sources	−0.119	0.233	0.311	0.347	0.080
Other data sources	(0.184)	(0.257)	(0.248)	(0.293)	(0.256)
Employment (Log)	0.023	0.040	0.029	−0.015	0.106***
Employment (Log)	(0.023)	(0.027)	(0.026)	(0.025)	(0.024)
Firm age (Log)	0.023	−0.036	−0.039	0.021	−0.099**
Firm age (Log)	(0.042)	(0.049)	(0.044)	(0.042)	(0.041)
% University education	0.002**	−0.001	−0.001	0.001	0.001
% University education	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Multi plant	0.133*	0.100	0.176**	0.003	−0.075
Multi plant	(0.069)	(0.089)	(0.084)	(0.076)	(0.085)
Received subsidy	0.167**	0.142	0.057	0.059	0.119
Received subsidy	(0.082)	(0.094)	(0.099)	(0.088)	(0.088)
Observations	199	199	199	199	199
Wald Chi-square (prob)	110.00	71.02	63.08	39.43	91.05
Wald Chi-square (prob)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.002)	(0.000)
Pseudo R²	0.539	0.321	0.256	0.171	0.420

Note(s): Robust standard errors in parentheses

***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05 and *p < 0.1

Firm type and country controls included but not reported

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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