Table 1 List of risk factors leading to...

Table 1

List of risk factors leading to cost and time overruns in urban rail projects

ID	Risk factors	Related research
R01	Sketchy and incomplete design	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Zou and Li (2010), Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Tran et al. (2020), Kassa (2020), Feng et al. (2021), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R02	Slow design approval and appraisal process	Han et al. (2009), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Mittal and Paul (2018)
R03	Unexpected changes in the design approved	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Hua et al. (2004), Han et al. (2009), Patil et al. (2019), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Abdorahman (2020)
R04	ODA (Official Development Assistance) projects suffering from tight constraints of main sponsors	Experts’ opinion
R05	Slowly disbursed project capital	Tavassolirizi et al. (2020)
R06	Payment delays	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Zou and Li (2010), Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Abdorahman (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R07	Exchange rate change	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Zou and Li (2010), Zhao et al. (2013), Feng et al. (2021), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R08	Changes in material, labor and machinery costs	Hua et al. (2004), Lee (2008), Patil et al. (2019), Tran et al. (2020), Feng et al. (2021)
R09	Lack of coordination and support from government agencies at all levels	Zou and Li (2010), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Tran et al. (2020)
R10	Interface problems between contractors due to lack of information and consensus	Tran et al. (2020)
R11	Changes in local policies and regulations	Zou and Li (2010), Zhao et al. (2013), Patil et al. (2019), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Tran et al. (2020), Feng et al. (2021), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R12	Lack of standards for design, construction and verification for new projects first implemented	Experts’ opinion
R13	Lack of mechanisms and regulations for managing EPC (engineering, procurement and construction) contract type	Experts’ opinion
R14	Delays during the bidding and contractor selection from the project management unit	Tran et al. (2020)
R15	The project management unit’s lack capacity and experience in managing and operating complex projects	Tran et al. (2020), Zhao et al. (2013), Kassa (2020)
R16	Delays in decision regarding contract changes and project adjustments from the project management unit	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Tran et al. (2020)
R17	Consultants’ shortcomings during project quality supervision	Tran et al. (2020)
R18	Errors, accidents and work problems at construction site due to contractors’ poor management	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Mittal and Paul (2018), Tran et al. (2020), Abdorahman (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R19	Delays in making and approving dossiers regarding plan, design, quality, acceptance documents	Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Tran et al. (2020), Abdorahman (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R20	Changes in project scope	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Hua et al. (2004), Lee (2008), Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Abdorahman (2020), Kassa (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R21	Lack of raw materials and new equipment necessitated importation	Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Kassa (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R22	Obstacles regarding heavy traffic obstruct and the limitation of construction site	Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R23	Lack of skilled labor and top tier professionals in field required	Han et al. (2009), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Mittal and Paul (2018), Abdorahman (2020), Kassa (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R24	Delays in import and shipping goods and machineries for project implementation	Zhao et al. (2013), Mittal and Paul (2018)
R25	Complicated construction technology	Experts’ opinion
R26	Slow land compensation and construction site clearance	Zou and Li (2010), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Tran et al. (2020), Han et al. (2009), Kassa (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R27	Difficulties in relocating and protecting existing works required from local governments	Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Tran et al. (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R28	Litigation and disputes between parties	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Hua et al. (2004), Han et al. (2009), Zou and Li (2010), Zhao et al. (2013), Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Abdorahman (2020), Kassa (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R29	Unforeseen geological conditions	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Lee (2008), Zou and Li (2010), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Mittal and Paul (2018), Tran et al. (2020), Han et al. (2009), Abdorahman (2020), Kassa (2020), Feng et al. (2021), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R30	Interruption of construction and associated work volume verification due to epidemic	Experts’ opinion

ID	Risk factors	Related research
R01	Sketchy and incomplete design	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Zou and Li (2010), Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Tran et al. (2020), Kassa (2020), Feng et al. (2021), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R02	Slow design approval and appraisal process	Han et al. (2009), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Mittal and Paul (2018)
R03	Unexpected changes in the design approved	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Hua et al. (2004), Han et al. (2009), Patil et al. (2019), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Abdorahman (2020)
R04	ODA (Official Development Assistance) projects suffering from tight constraints of main sponsors	Experts’ opinion
R05	Slowly disbursed project capital	Tavassolirizi et al. (2020)
R06	Payment delays	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Zou and Li (2010), Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Abdorahman (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R07	Exchange rate change	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Zou and Li (2010), Zhao et al. (2013), Feng et al. (2021), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R08	Changes in material, labor and machinery costs	Hua et al. (2004), Lee (2008), Patil et al. (2019), Tran et al. (2020), Feng et al. (2021)
R09	Lack of coordination and support from government agencies at all levels	Zou and Li (2010), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Tran et al. (2020)
R10	Interface problems between contractors due to lack of information and consensus	Tran et al. (2020)
R11	Changes in local policies and regulations	Zou and Li (2010), Zhao et al. (2013), Patil et al. (2019), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Tran et al. (2020), Feng et al. (2021), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R12	Lack of standards for design, construction and verification for new projects first implemented	Experts’ opinion
R13	Lack of mechanisms and regulations for managing EPC (engineering, procurement and construction) contract type	Experts’ opinion
R14	Delays during the bidding and contractor selection from the project management unit	Tran et al. (2020)
R15	The project management unit’s lack capacity and experience in managing and operating complex projects	Tran et al. (2020), Zhao et al. (2013), Kassa (2020)
R16	Delays in decision regarding contract changes and project adjustments from the project management unit	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Tran et al. (2020)
R17	Consultants’ shortcomings during project quality supervision	Tran et al. (2020)
R18	Errors, accidents and work problems at construction site due to contractors’ poor management	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Mittal and Paul (2018), Tran et al. (2020), Abdorahman (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R19	Delays in making and approving dossiers regarding plan, design, quality, acceptance documents	Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Tran et al. (2020), Abdorahman (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R20	Changes in project scope	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Hua et al. (2004), Lee (2008), Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Abdorahman (2020), Kassa (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R21	Lack of raw materials and new equipment necessitated importation	Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Kassa (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R22	Obstacles regarding heavy traffic obstruct and the limitation of construction site	Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R23	Lack of skilled labor and top tier professionals in field required	Han et al. (2009), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Mittal and Paul (2018), Abdorahman (2020), Kassa (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R24	Delays in import and shipping goods and machineries for project implementation	Zhao et al. (2013), Mittal and Paul (2018)
R25	Complicated construction technology	Experts’ opinion
R26	Slow land compensation and construction site clearance	Zou and Li (2010), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Tran et al. (2020), Han et al. (2009), Kassa (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R27	Difficulties in relocating and protecting existing works required from local governments	Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Tran et al. (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R28	Litigation and disputes between parties	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Hua et al. (2004), Han et al. (2009), Zou and Li (2010), Zhao et al. (2013), Mittal and Paul (2018), Patil et al. (2019), Abdorahman (2020), Kassa (2020), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R29	Unforeseen geological conditions	Ghosh and Jintanapakanont (2004), Lee (2008), Zou and Li (2010), Tavassolirizi et al. (2020), Mittal and Paul (2018), Tran et al. (2020), Han et al. (2009), Abdorahman (2020), Kassa (2020), Feng et al. (2021), Karmarkar et al. (2022)
R30	Interruption of construction and associated work volume verification due to epidemic	Experts’ opinion

Source(s): Table by authors

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