Pooled OLS regression result: carbon emissions and financial constraints
| Variables | Carbon emissions (1) | Carbon emissions (2) |
|---|---|---|
| Financial constraints (continuous) | 0.087*** (0.022) | |
| Financial constraints (dummy) | 0.216** (0.070) | |
| Board gender diversity | 0.004*** (0.022) | 0.004** (0.002) |
| Policy emissions reduction | 1.319*** (0.075) | 1.326*** (0.078) |
| Eco-innovation score | 0.481*** (0.051) | 0.474*** (0.052) |
| Environmental expenditure investment | 0.396*** (0.155) | 0.437** (0.153) |
| Executive gender diversity | −0.001 (0.003) | −0.001 (0.003) |
| Human rights policy | −0.092* (0.051) | −0.069 (0.056) |
| Board size | 0.222*** (0.038) | 0.220*** (0.038) |
| Policy board diversity | −0.001 (0.008) | −0.001 (0.007) |
| Independent board director | 0.746 (0.475) | 0.748 (0.464) |
| Leverage | −0.021 (0.041) | −0.026 (0.041) |
| Board-specific skills | −0.007*** (0.003) | −0.007** (0.003) |
| Return on asset | 0.170*** (0.049) | 0.159*** (0.045) |
| (0.227) | (0.120) | |
| Constant | 7.033*** (2.473) | 6.823** (2.404) |
| Industry and year FE | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 1,536 | 1,536 |
| R-squared | 0.338 | 0.338 |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.323 | 0.323 |
| Variables | Carbon emissions (1) | Carbon emissions (2) |
|---|---|---|
| Financial constraints (continuous) | 0.087 | |
| Financial constraints (dummy) | 0.216** (0.070) | |
| Board gender diversity | 0.004 | 0.004** (0.002) |
| Policy emissions reduction | 1.319 | 1.326 |
| Eco-innovation score | 0.481 | 0.474 |
| Environmental expenditure investment | 0.396 | 0.437** (0.153) |
| Executive gender diversity | −0.001 (0.003) | −0.001 (0.003) |
| Human rights policy | −0.092* (0.051) | −0.069 (0.056) |
| Board size | 0.222 | 0.220 |
| Policy board diversity | −0.001 (0.008) | −0.001 (0.007) |
| Independent board director | 0.746 (0.475) | 0.748 (0.464) |
| Leverage | −0.021 (0.041) | −0.026 (0.041) |
| Board-specific skills | −0.007 | −0.007** (0.003) |
| Return on asset | 0.170 | 0.159 |
| (0.227) | (0.120) | |
| Constant | 7.033 | 6.823** (2.404) |
| Industry and year FE | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 1,536 | 1,536 |
| 0.338 | 0.338 | |
| Adjusted | 0.323 | 0.323 |
Notes:
Standard errors (values in parentheses shows the cluster standard errors) in parentheses
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05 and *p < 0.1