Pooled OLS regression result: financial constraints and carbon emissions (diverse gender board vs nongender diverse board)
| Variables | (1) | (2) |
|---|---|---|
| Carbon emissions diverse gender board | Carbon emissions Nondiverse gender board | |
| Financial constraints | −0.062 (0.142) | 0.435*** (0.100) |
| Policy emissions reduction | 1.330*** (0.246) | 1.381*** (0.086) |
| Eco-innovation score | 0.586*** (0.131) | 0.364*** (0.078) |
| Environmental expenditure investment | 0.243 (0.159) | 0.687*** (0.189) |
| Executive gender diversity | 0.008*** (0.003) | −0.009 (0.005) |
| Human rights policy | −0.320*** (0.068) | 0.183 (0.145) |
| Board size | 0.215*** (0.036) | 0.193*** (0.046) |
| Policy board diversity | −0.007 (0.007) | 0.008 (0.010) |
| Independent board director | 1.058 (0.659) | 0.697 (0.467) |
| Leverage | 0.024 (0.042) | −0.034 (0.060) |
| Board-specific skills | −0.009** (0.003) | −0.007 (0.005) |
| Return on asset | 0.059 (0.045) | 0.265*** (0.060) |
| Constant | 5.676* (0.335) | 7.203** (0.301) |
| Industry and year FE | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 772 | 764 |
| R-squared | 0.323 | 0.396 |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.293 | 0.369 |
| Variables | (1) | (2) |
|---|---|---|
| Carbon emissions | Carbon emissions | |
| Financial constraints | −0.062 (0.142) | 0.435 |
| Policy emissions reduction | 1.330 | 1.381 |
| Eco-innovation score | 0.586 | 0.364 |
| Environmental expenditure investment | 0.243 (0.159) | 0.687 |
| Executive gender diversity | 0.008 | −0.009 (0.005) |
| Human rights policy | −0.320 | 0.183 (0.145) |
| Board size | 0.215 | 0.193 |
| Policy board diversity | −0.007 (0.007) | 0.008 (0.010) |
| Independent board director | 1.058 (0.659) | 0.697 (0.467) |
| Leverage | 0.024 (0.042) | −0.034 (0.060) |
| Board-specific skills | −0.009** (0.003) | −0.007 (0.005) |
| Return on asset | 0.059 (0.045) | 0.265 |
| Constant | 5.676* (0.335) | 7.203** (0.301) |
| Industry and year FE | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 772 | 764 |
| 0.323 | 0.396 | |
| Adjusted | 0.293 | 0.369 |
Notes:
Standard errors are presented in parentheses;
***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05 and *p < 0.1